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chapter 1-5 nutrition

front 1

according to ______ health is the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

back 1

the world health organization (WHO)

front 2

prevention of disease occurs on three levels

back 2

  • primary- living such a way as to prevent the occurrences of disease
  • secondary- using self/medical monitoring to notice disease so early intervention is possible
  • tertiary- the use of treatment after the occurrence of disease to stop or slow the progression of the disease

front 3

classifications of nutrients

back 3

  • essential nutrients- body requires but cannot manufacture in sufficient amounts to meet bodily needs
  • nonessential nutrients- not needed in diet
  • conditionally essential nutrient- under most circumstances, a healthy body can manufacture in sufficient quantities

front 4

metabolism

back 4

the sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in the body

front 5

DO NOT become apart of your body

-not energy sources but are facilitators of energy production

back 5

vitamins

front 6

the body is composed of five types of substances

back 6

  • water
  • protein
  • fat
  • ash- mineral content of bone
  • carbohydrate

front 7

BMI

back 7

Body mass index

front 8

the ideal diet consists of what

back 8

balance, moderation, and variety

front 9

nutritional status

back 9

the Boyds condition related to the intake and use of nutrients

front 10

dietary status

back 10

describes what you are actually eating.

front 11

nutritionally diasnostic

back 11

tests using blood, urine, and stool

front 12

blood can be analyzed for what

back 12

glucose, protein, or fat

front 13

urine and stool yields information about what

back 13

a person had eaten, what a persons body has stored and how the body is using nutrients

front 14

food exchange lists are broken into six categories

back 14

  • starch
  • fruit
  • milk
  • non starchy veggies
  • meat
  • fat

front 15

the most abundant part of the body

back 15

protein

front 16

carbohydrates are one of the three energy nutrients

-two major groups:

back 16

starches and sugar

front 17

glucose is commonly called blood sugar

back 17

the body converts all forms of sugar consumed to glucose

front 18

comes mostly from breakdown

back 18

glucose

front 19

two monosaccharides linked together are called

back 19

disaccharides

front 20

three important disaccharides

back 20

  • sucrose - white table sugar
  • lactose- occurs naturally only in milk
  • maltose

front 21

three nutritionally important complex carbs

back 21

  • starch-major source of carbohydrates in diet
  • glycogen-store glucose in the liver and skeletal muscle tissue in form of glycogen
  • dietary fiber-refers to food, mostly from plants that is non-digestable

front 22

primary source of fuel for all cells

back 22

carbohydrates

front 23

ketosis

back 23

fat breakdown

front 24

causes fatigue, nausea, and loss of appetite

back 24

ketosis

front 25

whole grain is constructed of three general parts

back 25

  • bran
  • germ
  • endosperm

front 26

lipids

back 26

the true name for fats of all kinds

front 27

hydrogenation

back 27

if enough hydrogen is added to only break some of the double bonds the fat is considered partially hydrogenated

front 28

if all double bonds are broken with added hydrogen the fat is completely what?

back 28

hydrogenated

front 29

cholesterol

back 29

not a true fat but belongs to a group called sterols (important to the body)

front 30

the seven major functions of fats in the body

back 30

  • (1) supply fuel to most tissues
  • (2) serves as an energy reserve
  • (3) insulate the body
  • (4) support and protect vital organs
  • (5) lubricate body tissues
  • (6) form an integral part of cell membranes
  • (7) carrier for fat-soluble vitamins

front 31

protein

back 31

along with crabs and fats, proteins are energy nutrients

- nutritionally unique and cannot be duplicated by carbs and fats

front 32

protein

back 32

most organic in the body

front 33

the four elements are arranged in building blocks Called what?

back 33

amino acids

front 34

essential amino acids

back 34

cannot be synthesized in the body in sufficient amounts to meet metabolic needs

front 35

nonessential amino acids

back 35

ordinarily can be built by the body in sufficient quantities to meet its need

front 36

functions of protein in the body

back 36

  • structure
  • maintenance and growth
  • regulation of body processes
  • immunity
  • circulation
  • energy source

front 37

anabolism

back 37

the building of tissues as in growth or healing

front 38

catabolism

back 38

the breaking down of tissues into simpler substances

front 39

hormones

back 39

protein based

front 40

enzymes

back 40

chemicals that did aid in the body process

front 41

nucleoproteins

back 41

regulatory complexes found in the nucleus of cells

front 42

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are

back 42

nucleoproteins involved with protein synthesis

front 43

immunity

back 43

a protein called an antibody is produced in the presence of a foreign substance or pathogen

front 44

albumin

back 44

the main protein in the blood

front 45

glucose

back 45

the most efficient energy source

front 46

a process called gluconeogensis

back 46

the amino acids are converted into glucose

front 47

fat is __ kilocalories per gram

back 47

8

front 48

complete protein

back 48

food that supplies all essential amino acids in sufficient quantity to maintain tissue and support growth

front 49

incomplete protein

back 49

food that lacks one or more of the essential amino acids.

-does not mean a bad food/ varieties is important

front 50

limiting amino acid

back 50

essential amino acid undersupplied in a food

front 51

endogenous protein

back 51

sources from the digestive tract include shed mucosal cells yielding about 50 grams a day

front 52

legumes

back 52

plants having roots having nitrogen fixing bacteria that lock the nitrogen into the plants structure

- common legume are peas, beans, lentils, and peanuts

front 53

ovalactovegretarian

back 53

no meat, fish, or poultry

front 54

lactovegetarian

back 54

no meat, fish, poultry or eggs

front 55

ovovegatarian

back 55

no meat, fish, poultry, or dairy

front 56

homeostasis

back 56

energy intake

front 57

adaptive thermogenisis

back 57

body controls how much energy to put out depending on input

front 58

calorie

back 58

energy required to raise one kilogram of water one degree celsius

front 59

kilo means thousands

back 59

1,000 calories= 1 kilocalorie

front 60

energy values

back 60

  • 1 gram of carbohydrates is 4 kcal
  • 1 gram of protein is 4 kcal
  • 1 gram of fat is 9 kcal
  • 1 gram of alcohol is 7 kcal

front 61

resting energy

back 61

  • contraction of heart
  • temperature maintenance
  • repair of tissues and organs
  • metabolism
  • muscle/nerve coordination
  • breathing

front 62

leptin

back 62

a hormone that reports body's fat levels to the brain

front 63

stomach

back 63

gherlin hormone is an appetite inducer

front 64

determination of energy values

back 64

  • foods
  • human body (how your body processes the food you eat)

front 65

ferobic

back 65

decrease cardiovascular disease, improves blood sugar control

front 66

areobic

back 66

improves physical stability, increases flexibility & decreases risk of injury

front 67

kilocalorie density of foods

back 67

  • refers to the kcal contained in a given volume of food
  • fat highest in kcaloric density
  • foods high in water and fiber are lowest in kcaloric density

front 68

energy balance

back 68

exists when energy intake equals energy expenditure

front 69

stable body weight

back 69

indicates a person is in energy balance