Introduction to Flight: AERO 201 Lectures 1-5 Flashcards

Thrust, Lift, Drag, Weight

unit vector = vector / magnitude

|vector a| |vector b| cos (theta)

or (a1b1) + (a2b2) + (a3b3)

|vector a| |vector b| sin (theta)

(practice problems)

tangential stress is when a force acts at an angle to the surface

Sheer stress is when a force acts parallel to the surface

Sheer stress is always tangential stress, but not all tangential stress is sheer stress

Pressure, Density, Temperature, Velocity

Cannot resist an applied sheer stress

Incompressible (liquid) and Compressible

The normal force per unit area

P=F/A

Units: N/m^2, lb/ft^2

Mass per unit volume

p=m/V

units: kg/m^3, slug/ft^3, lbm/ft^3

average Kinetic Energy of the particles in a gas

KE=(3/2)kT where k is the Botlzmann constant (k=1.38 * 10^-23 J/K)

Units: K, C, R, F

streamlines

(search this up later)

one which the intermolecular forces are negligible and where particles are widely separated (low density)

P=pRT

R is the specific gas constant

The volume per unit mass. It is the inverse of density

Convair B-58 Hustler

First supersonic strategic bomber capable of Mach 2 flight

Delta wing

A steady flow

a streamline

Lift and Drag

1. Pressure Distribution on the surface

2. Shear stress (friction) distribution on the surface

the force per unit area acting tangentially (parallel) on a surface due to friction

tangential force times the surface area

Fixed payload (passengers, cargo, etc)

drop payload (skydivers, water, dust)

Lift! The lift coefficient equation is C_L = L / q(bar) S where q(bar) is called the dynamic pressure, and it is given by q(bar) = (1/2)pv^2 (v is the free stream velocity)

Lift occurs when a moving flow of fluid is turned by a solid object. The flow is turned in one direction and lift is generated in the opposite direction.

if there is no motion or no fluid, then there is no lift.

Wind tunneling is when the headwinds are equal to the thrust, so the plane's speed relative to the ground is zero.

When the plane is moving relative to the ground, it is called actual flight

Pitch (up and down)

Roll (rolling around)

Yaw (left and right)

Fuselage: Carries people, cargo, payload

Vertical Stabilizer: yaw stability

Rudder: provides yaw control (left and right motion)

Horizontal Stabilizer: pitch stability (up and down)

H-stab, H tail

Empennage

Main Landing Gear: supports aircraft weight on the ground (tricycle landing gear configuration)

Nacelle: outer covering that encloses engine

Nose Gear: Ground steering

Wings: provide lift

Aileron: provides roll control (left or right) (they are opposite of each other)

Elevators: pitch control (up and down)

Spoiler: Reduces lift and increases drag (independent movement of each other)

Winglet: reduces drag (wing vortex control)

Slat: aids in takeoffs and landings (increases or decreases wing surface area)

The roll axis: controlled by the yoke (turn the yoke left or right to turn the ailerons up and down)

Ailerons cause the movement by going up or down (located at the ends of the wings)

The pitch axis: controlled by pushing the yoke in to dive down and pulling them up to pitch up.

The elevators control the pitch by simultaneously flapping up or down

The yaw axis: causes the aircraft to spin left or right by pushing the right or left rudder pedal.

The rudder controls this movement by deflecting the airflow right or left from its position on the tail. Kind of like a shark tail.

The Consolidated B-24 Liberator

- world's most produced bomber (rapid production because of WW2)

- Called the flying coffin because there was only one exit, so the pilot couldn't escape

- straight (davis) wing, twin tail

Monoplane (Fairchild Republic A-10), Biplane (Boeing Stearman), triplane (Fokker Dr. I)

Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt

- AKA A-10 Warthog

-designed to provide close air support (CAS) to ground troops

-the only production-built aircraft designed solely for CAS

Boeing-Stearman Model 75

- military trainer aircraft

- after WW2, they were sold on the civilian market and were used for crop dusting, racing, and wing walking

Fokker Dr. I Red Baron

- WW1 fighter aircraft

High wing (cessna 172), mid wing (f-16), low wing (Piper cherokee)

Cessna 172 Skyhawk

- more of these were built than any other aircraft

-most successful aircraft in history

General Dynamics (aka lockheed martin) F-16 Fighting Falcon

- world's most common fixed wing aircraft in the military

Piper Cherokee

- designed for flight training, taxi and personal use

- 4th most produced aircraft in history

Boeing 787 Dreamliner

- swept back wings

Swept back wings (boeing 787), swept forward wings (Grumman X-29A), canard at the front (Piaggio Avanti P180)

Northrop A-9A

-prototype that was passed up for the Fairchild A-10

L = (1/2)pv^2SC_L

or

L = q(bar) S C_L

q(bar) = (1/2)pv^2

(troposphere, tropopause, stratosphere, stratopause, Mesosphere, mesopause, Thermosphere)

At the "spheres", temp changes linearly with altitude

at the "pauses", temp is constant

dP= -pgdhg

h_g, the geometric height above sea level is

h_a the height measured from the center of the earth

h_a = h_g +r (radius of the earth)