Pharmakon
Is greek for drugs
Logos
is Greek for science
What is pharmacology
Deals with the study of drugs and their actions or effects
What are therapeutic methods to treating illnesses
diet therapy, drug therapy, Physiotherapy, Psychotherapy,
biologic therapy
A new class of drugs has transformed treatment in patients
that attack the body with its own organs tissues and cells
ex cancer medication
what is a biologic agent
Are large complex proteins manufactured in a living system
When a drug name is not capatilize is it the generic version or the brand name.
It is the generic version
When a drug name is Capitalized is it The generic version or The Brand name.
It is the brand name
Which names of a drug should the nurse use when teaching a patient about a new prescription?
generic name and trade
Body systems classification
Cardiovascular and gastro intestinal
Therapeutic use
antacids
antibiotics
Psychological or chemical reaction
anticholinergics/ calcium channel blockers
where can you get resources for drug information
The united states pharmacopeia/ the Usp dictionary
package inserts, Nursing Journals, electronic data base
Which source of information is best for the nurse to obtain drug information?
Nursing journals
Where can you get sommon sources of drug information
electronic databases
Lexicomp
ePocrates
DailyMed
what is the controlled substance act of 1970
The controlled substance act of 1970 is the classifacations or schedules of controlled substance
schedule I drug
high abuse potetial ex heroin
schedule II
high abuse potential; some medical use (e.g., pentobarbital).
Schedule III
High abuse potential; some medical use (e.g., codeine)
schedule IV
Low abuse potential; some medical use (e.g., diazepam).
schedule v
low abuse potential ex Robitussin
Which is responsible for monitoring the drug safety in the united states
The FDA is responsible for overseeing drug and cosmetic manufacture and promotion to determine their safety before allowing them to be released to the public.
which drug schedule indicates drugs with highest risk for abuse?
Schedule I drugs have the highest potential for abuse. They are not currently accepted for medical use in the United States.
manufactures and prescribes must do what?
The must be registered with Dea requirements must be met in order to dispense scheduled medications
What must a person have to have in order to get scheduled drugs ?
Prescription drugs require an order by a health professional who is licensed to prescribe drugs; nonprescription (over-the-counter [OTC]) drugs are sold without a prescription.
HOw many years does it take to bring a new drug to the market
It currently takes an average of 8 to 15 years and more than $2 billion in research and development costs to bring a single new drug to market.
What is fast tracking
Used to expedite drug development and approval for life-threatening illnesses
Parallel tracking
Used for patients with life-threatening illnesses who cannot participate in controlled trials, when there is no other alternative
What is postmarking survelance stage
ongoing review of effects of new drugs
What is black box warning
Indicates a very serious life-threatening problem
Probability of a drug acquiring a new black box warning or being withdrawn from the market within 25 years of being released is 20%
orphan drug what are they ?
They are created for rare conditions ex sickle cell anemia
Specific sites where drugs form chemical bonds
Drug receptors
Study of interactions between drugs and their receptors and the series of events that result in a pharmacologic response
Pharmacodynamics
Agonists
Drugs that interact with a receptor to stimulate a response
Drugs that attach to a receptor but do not stimulate a response
Antagonist
Partial agonists
Drugs that interact with a receptor to stimulate a response but inhibit
Enteral
Via the gastrointestinal tract by the oral, rectal, or nasogastric routes
Parenteral
Bypasses the GI tract by using subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous injection
Percutaneous
Absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes
Inhalation, sublingual, or topical
ladme
Liberation: Drug released from dosage form
Absorption: Depends on route of administration
Distribution: Depends on circulation to be transported throughout body
Metabolism: Depends on enzyme systems
Excretion: Depends on GI tract and kidneys
A drug which cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier would not be effective in treating meningitis, a brain infection. A drug which CAN pass through the placental barrier could affect the fetus.
...
liberation
Drug released from dosage form and is dissolved in body fluid
Idiosyncratic reactions
Occur when something unusual/abnormal happens when drug is first administered
Allergic reactions
Occur among patients who have previously been exposed to a drug and whose immune systems have developed antibodies to the drug
Drug Interactions
Said to occur when the action of one drug is altered or changed by the action of another drug
Changes in Absorption
Most drug interactions that alter absorption take place in the GI tract
Antacids increase the gastric pH and can inhibit the dissolution of ketoconazole tablets
Changes in Distribution
If a drug is 90% bound to a protein, then 10% of the drug is providing the physiologic effect.
Changes in Metabolism
Drug interactions usually result from a change in metabolism that involves inhibiting or inducing the enzymes that metabolize a drug
Common drugs that bind to enzymes and increase the metabolism of other drugs are
phenobarbital, carbamazepine, rifampin, and phenytoin.
Changes in Excretion
Drug interactions that cause a change in excretion usually act in the kidney tubules by changing the pH to enhance or inhibit excretion
A patient reports postoperative pain, and the nurse administers IV morphine (a narcotic analgesic) to ease the pain. Fifteen minutes later, the nurse notes that the patient is very drowsy, respirations are slow and shallow, and oxygen saturation is low. The nurse administers another drug that decreases the morphine’s action. What is this effect called?
Antagonistic