What is anatomy?
the study of the structure of the human body
What is physiology?
the study of the function of the human body
What does water do for the human body?
- most abundant substance in the body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for the transport of substances
- regulates body temperature
What does food do for the human body?
- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials
What does oxygen (gas) do for the human body?
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
What does heat do for the human body?
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
What does pressure do for the human body?
- application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing
What is homeostasis?
Maintaining a stable internal environment.
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits.
What are the three types to the control mechanism?
Receptor, control center, and effector
What is the receptor?
provides information about the stimuli
What is the control center?
tells what a particular value should be (called the set point)
What is the effector?
elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment (muscle or gland)
What are the 2 types of control mechanisms?
Negative and Positive machanisms
Negative feedback:
- Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
- Corrects the set point
- Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’
- Most common type of feedback loop
Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation
Positive feedback:
- Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body
- short-lived
- does not require continuous adjustments
Examples: blood clotting and childbirth
Visceral layer
covers an organ
Parietal layer
lines a cavity or body wall
Thoracic Membranes: Visceral pleura
membrane that covers the lungs
Thoracic Membranes: Parietal pleura
membrane that lines the pleural cavity
Thoracic Membranes: Visceral pericardium
membrane that covers the heart
Thoracic Membranes: Parietal pericardium
membrane that lines the pericardial cavity
Abdominopelvic Membranes: Visceral peritoneum
membrane that covers the abdominal and pelvic organs
Abdominopelvic Membranes: Parietal peritoneum
membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities
Where is serous fluid found?
between the layers of the visceral and parietal membranes
Anatomical Position:
standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out
Sagittal or Median
divides body into left and right portions
Mid-sagittal
divides body into equal left and right portions
Transverse or Horizontal
divides body into superior and inferior portions
Coronal or Frontal
divides body into anterior and posterior portions
Superior VS Inferior
above VS below
Anterior VS posterior
towards the front VS towards the back
Medial VS lateral
closer to the midline VS towards the side
Proximal VS Distal
closer to the trunk VS farther from the trunk
Superficial VS deep
near the surface VS more internal
Dorsal body cavities: Cranial cavity
Brain
Dorsal body cavities: Vertebral cavity
Spinal cord
Ventral body cavities: Thoracic cavity
heart and lungs
Abdominopelvic cavity: Abdominal cavity
stomach, liver, intestines, pancreas, etc.
Abdominopelvic cavity: Pelvic cavity
urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, terminal end of large intestine
What are ventral body cavities separated by?
The diaphragm