A reversal design
(also known as an ABA or ABAB design) is a type of single-subject experimental design commonly used in behavior analysis to show the effectiveness of an intervention by reversing between baseline and treatment phases.
A Multiple Baseline Design is a type of
experimental design used in Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) to demonstrate the effectiveness of an intervention across different settings, behaviors, or individuals, without withdrawing the intervention once it's applied.
Strengths and limitations of multiple baseline designs
- Demonstrates experimental control
- No need to withdraw treatment
- No need to withdraw treatment
limitations of multiple baseline designs
- Takes time
- Not always practical – Sometimes hard to find independent behaviors, settings, or people to stagger treatment across.
Strengths of single-subject baseline designs
- Clear demonstration of cause and effect
- Focus on the
individual
Limitations of single-subject baseline designs
- Small sample size
- Subject to variability
What is group contingency?
is a behavioral control method in which a group is rewarded or punished according to the actions of individuals or the group as a whole.
What does group contingency capitalize on?
It capitalizes on peer influence as group members are likely to encourage each other to earn rewards
What does ruled governed mean?
learning from being told. Indirect contingency shaped
What does contingency mean?
It means a relationship between a behavior and its consequences. Basically, "if you do this, then that happens."
A group contingency in which one member acts as a hero by earning the reward for all members is called what?
Group of answer choices
Independent
Dependent
Interdependent
Dependent
The alternating treatments design is also called the ____ design.
Group of answer choices
Assessment
Multiple baseline
Multielement
Randomized
Multielement
Continguency shaped behvaior involes __________ consequences
Direct
What type of contingency operates independently of the behavior analyst's efforts?
A. Contrived
B. Group
C. Natural
D. Contingency contract
C. Naural
What does independent group contingency mean?
means that each person in the group is responsible for earning their reward, based on their behavior. No one else’s behavior affects your outcome.
Example of independent group contingency
If you finish your math worksheet quietly, you’ll get extra computer time.
What does interdependent group contingency mean?
means that every member of the group must meet the goal for the entire group to earn a reward. “All or none” — everyone’s performance matters.
Example of interdependent group contingency?
“If everyone turns in their homework all week, the class gets a pizza party on Friday.”
What does dependent group contingency mean?
It is a behavior management strategy where the entire group’s reward depends on one person's performance (or a small group). “Hero” of the group — if they meet the goal, everyone gets the reward.
Example of a dependent group contingency?
“If Lina finishes all her math problems quietly, the whole class gets extra recess.”
What type of contingency is designed to achieve the acquisition and
maintenance of generalized skill?
A.Contirved
B.
Group
C.Natural
D. Contingency contract
A.Contirved
Contrived contingencies are
artificial or planned reinforcers used to teach a skill in a structured way.
The alternating treatment design (ATD) —
Also called a multielement design, it is a type of single-subject experimental design used to compare the effectiveness of two or more treatments quickly.
Example of alternative treatment design?
A teacher wants to see whether positive reinforcement or a token economy works better to increase a student's class participation:
- Monday: Use reinforcement
- Tuesday: Use the token economy
- Wednesday: Reinforcement again
- And so on...
Key features of alternative treatment design?
Treatments are alternated rapidly, often from one session to the next.
No need for baseline.
Helps identify which treatment works best for the same behavior.
Visual analysis is used to compare the effects
Which intervention is more effective, DRA or shaping, in the scenario "Reinforcing a child for asking for help instead of screaming.
DRA. Because it is a more appropriate or functional behavior that already exists or can be easily taught.
Which intervention is more effective, DRA or shaping, in the scenario "Reinforcing small steps toward saying a full word for a nonverbal child."
Shaping. Because it is appropritate when you need to build a skill from scratch
When data point overlap during a testing the effectiveness of different treatments then that indicates that ____________
those data points that overlap, the treatments would be similar to implement and give the same outcome. It also shows lack of control
A stimulus change or condition that evokes a behavior that has terminated it in the past, as a punisher when presented following behavior, and/or as a reinforcer when withdrawn following behavior.
Select one answer
a) conditioned stimulus
b) aversive stimulus
c) baseline stimulus
d) conditioned reinforcer
b) aversive stimulus
A behavior that prevents an aversive event.
avoidant behavior
A contingency in which a response prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus.
Select one answer
a) avoidance contingency
b) escape contingency
c) termination contingency
d) response contingency
a) avoidance contingency
Schedules of reinforcement that exist at the same time for two or more different behaviors.Select one answer
a) independent reinforcement
b) automatic reinforcement
c) compound schedule of reinforcement
d) continuous reinforcement
c) compound schedule of reinforcement
Two or more of different behaviors or response options are concurrently available for the person.
Select one answer
a) concurrent responses
b) concurrent operants
c) concurrent options
d) higher-order conditioning
b) concurrent operants
A procedure in which a specific desirable behavior is followed by a reinforcer but other behaviors are not. The result is an increase in the desirable behavior and extinction of the other behaviors.Select one answer
a) automatic reinforcement
b) continuous reinforcement
c) independent reinforcement
d) differential reinforcement
d) differential reinforcement
Behavior that results in the termination of an aversive stimulus.Select one answer
a) avoidance behavior
b) contingency
c) punisher
d) escape behavior
d) escape behavior
Behaviors maintained with negative reinforcement are placed on escape extinction when those behaviors are not followed by termination of the aversive stimulus; emitting the target behavior does not enable the person to escape the aversive situation.
Select one answer
a) sensory extinction
b) escape extinction
c) spontaneous recovery
d) extinction burst
b) escape extinction
The process by which, when a previously reinforced behavior is no longer followed by the reinforcing consequences, the frequency of the behavior decreases in the future.Select one answer
a) habituation
b) satiation
c) explanatory fiction
d) extinction
d) extinction
An increase in the frequency of responding when an extinction procedure is initially implemented.Select one answer
a) sensory extinction
b) respondent extinction
c) spontaneous recovery
d) extinction burst
d) extinction burst
A schedule of reinforcement in which a specific number of responses must occur before the reinforcer is delivered.Select one answer
a) fixed differential
b) fixed ratio
c) discriminated stimulus
d) fixed interval
b) fixed ratio
Occurs when a behavior in a particular situation is followed by a reinforcing consequence, thus making the behavior more likely to occur in similar circumstances in the future.Select one answer
a) operational stimulus
b) negative reinforcement
c) motivational conditioning
d) operant conditioning
d) operant conditioning
Operant conditioning _______________
Occurs when a behavior is followed by a reinforcing consequence, making it more likely to happen again in similar situations.
Operant ___________
- Comes from the word "operate"
- Refers to behavior that "operates on the environment" to produce a consequence.
- The behavior is voluntary, not automatic like a reflex.
Conditioning __________
- Means "learning"
- In psychology, it refers to the process of associating behavior with consequences.
Operant conditioning _____________
involves changing behavior through the processes of reinforcement or punishment procedures.
respondent conditioning is considered ___________
classical conditioning, which is a behavior that is involuntary
The process by which, when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus gradually ceases to elicit the conditioned response.
Select one answer
a) respondent replication
b) respondent extinction
c) extinction
d) respondent behavior
b) respondent extinction
Example of respondent extinction
If you keep ringing the bell without giving food, the dog will eventually stop salivating to the bell.
A schedule of reinforcement identical to the chained schedule except that, like the mixed schedule, the tandem schedule does not use discriminative stimuli with the elements in the chain.Select one answer
a) chained schedule
b) mixed schedules of reinforcement
c) contingency assessment
d) tandem schedule
d) tandem schedule
Tandem schedule _____________
means a person (or animal) must complete two or more tasks in a certain order to get a reward — but there are no clear signals telling them when one task ends and the next begins.
A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response that occurs after a specified time interval is reinforced
a) variable response
b) fixed interval
c) variable interval
d) variable ratio
c) variable interval
In an avoidance contingency:
The aversive stimulus is present prior to the response, which terminates the aversive stimulus.
The aversive stimulus is looming but not present prior to the response. The occurrence of the response prevents the presentation of the aversive stimulus.
The positive reinforcer is presented prior to the response, avoiding the need for an aversive stimulus.
The individual is punished prior to the response.
The aversive stimulus is looming but not present prior to the response. The occurrence of the response prevents the presentation of the aversive stimulus.
Which is the best representation of the sequence in an escape contingency?
EO (presence of a reinforcing stimulus), SD, target response, termination of the EO.
SD, EO (presence of an aversive stimulus), target response, termination of the EO.
SD, target response, EO (presence of an aversive stimulus), termination of the EO.
EO (presence of an aversive stimulus), SD, target response, termination of the EO.
EO (presence of an aversive stimulus), SD, target response, termination of the EO.
Whenever DeShawn hits his little brother, he loses his television privileges. DeShawn never loses his television privileges for any other behavior. This is an example of a(an) ____________ existing between hitting his little brother and losing his television privileges.
Group of answer choices
Establishing operation.
Contingency.
Schedule.
Correlation
Contingency
Matteo answers a question in class and is praised by the teacher. As a result, Matteo is more likely to answer questions in class. Matteo's behavior of answering questions in class is referred to as ____________ behavior.
Group of answer choices
Controlled.
Natural.
Operant.
Situational.
Operant
Operant behavior is ________
behavior that is influenced by its consequences — it is learned and modified through reinforcement or punishment.
Lian takes out the garbage and, as a result, her parents let her watch her favorite television show. Lian is then more likely to take out the garbage when asked. Being able to watch her favorite television show is a ____________ for her behavior of taking out the garbage.
Reinforcer.
Reinforcement.
Contingency.
Dependent variable.
Reinforcement
A reinforcer is a
specific stimulus or event that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.
Luca pets a strange dog and is immediately bitten. In behavior analysis, getting bitten is referred to as the ______________ for the behavior of petting the dog.
Punishment.
Reinforcement.
Consequence.
Antecedent.
Consequence
In behavior analysis, a consequence
is what follows a behavior and affects the future likelihood of that behavior.
Terms like ________ or __________ refer to the control of behavior by its environmental context.
Contingency, content.
Cognition, knowledge.
Generalization, contingency.
None of the other answers are correct.
Cognition, knowledge.
The degree to which a study's findings are generalizable to other subjects, settings, or behavior.
a) experimental control
b) extraneous variable
c) external validity
d) experimental question
c) external validity
An experimental design in which two or more conditions (one of which may be a no-treatment control condition) are presented in rapidly alternating succession (such as on alternating sessions or days) independent of the level of responding. Differences in responding between or among conditions are attributed to the effects of the conditions.
a) NCR reversal technique
b) A-B reversal design
c) multi-element design
d) multiple treatment reversal design
c) multi-element design
So, multi-element design ___________
rapidly switching between treatments to compare their effects quickly.
NCR reversal technique involves
- Baseline (A): No reinforcement or usual conditions.
- NCR phase (B): Reinforcer is given freely, not linked to behavior.
- Return to baseline (A): Stop NCR and see if behavior returns to original levels.
In A-B reversal design
you compare the behavior in A (no treatment) to B (with treatment) to see if the treatment worked.
The effects of one treatment on a subject's behavior being confounded by the influence of another treatment administered in the same study.
Select one answer
a) NCR reversal technique
b) DRI or DRA reversal technique
c) sequence effects
d) multi-element design
c) sequence effects
Simple understanding of two phase multielement desing
- First, watch and record behavior as it normally happens.
- Then, test different treatments by rapidly alternating them to compare their effects.
The baseline measures are collected until a stable level of responding or counter-therapeutic trend is obtained before the alternating treatment phase.
a) Two-phase multielement design
b) A-B reversal design
c) reversal design
d) delayed multiple baseline design
a) Two-phase multielement design
DRI or DRA reversal technique
- Start with baseline (no treatment).
- Apply DRI or DRA treatment to encourage the positive behavior and reduce the problem behavior.
- Remove the treatment (go back to baseline) to see if the problem behavior returns.
A variation of the multiple baseline design in which an initial baseline, and perhaps intervention, are begun for one behavior (or setting, or subject), and subsequent baselines for additional behaviors are begun in a staggered or delayed fashion.
Select one answer
a) reversal design
b) delayed multiple baseline design
c) Multiple treatment reversal design
d) withdrawal design
b) delayed multiple baseline design
The value on the vertical axis around which a series of behavioral measures converge.
a) level
b) split-middle line of progress
c) variability
d) overall response rate
a) level
A visual representation of the occurrence of behavior over time.
Select one answer
a) line graph
b) graph
c) level
d) data
b) graph
This design compares two or more distinct treatments while their effects on the target behavior are measured.
Reversal design.
Alternating-treatments design.
Withdrawal design.
Multiple-treatment reversal design.
Alternating-treatments design.
What type of experimental assessment methodology uses an ATD?
Group of answer choices
ABLLS.
Scatter plot.
Functional analysis.
ABC.
Functional analysis.
ABC (Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence) is a
descriptive assessment, not an experimental design.
Scatter plot is a
data recording method to identify patterns over time.
ABLLS is a
skills assessment tool.
What is ABLLS in simple terms?
Assessment of Basic Language and Learning Skills.
What assessment uses an alternating-treatments design to identify the maintaining function of a behavior?
Group of answer choices
Functional behavior assessment.
Functional analysis.
Functional design.
Experimental analysis of behavior.
Functional analysis.
Functional Analysis =
Testing different reasons for behavior to understand and fix it.
Which of the following is not another name for the alternating-treatments design?
Group of answer choices
Multi-element design.
Multiple-schedule design.
Concurrent-schedule design.
Concurrent-treatment design.
Multiple-schedule design.
What is a basic goal of the changing criterion design?
Group of answer choices
To evaluate the effects of a treatment on the gradual increase or decrease of a single target behavior.
Comparison of the effects of two or more treatments on the same behavior.
The evaluation of more than one treatment.
Demonstration of a functional relationship between the target behavior and intervention by replicating the intervention effects with two or more behaviors, in two or more settings, or with two or more individuals.
To evaluate effects of a treatment on the gradual increase or decrease of a single target behavior.
Tact responses prompted by specific verbal instructions.
Select one answer
a) pure tact
b) metonymical extension
c) impure tact
d) metaphorical extension
c) impure tact
Someone who provides reinforcement for verbal behavior.
a) reinforcer
b) listener
c) mand
d) speaker
b) listener
A type of stimulus-to-stimulus relation in which the learner, without any prior training or reinforcement for doing so, selects a comparison stimulus that is the same as the sample stimulus (for example, A = A)
a) establishing operation
b) abolishing operation
c) reflexive conditioned motivating operation
d) matching operation
c) reflexive conditioned motivating operation
An elementary verbal operant evoked by a nonverbal discriminative stimulus and followed by generalized conditioned reinforcement.
a) echoic
b) autoclitic relation
c) transcription
d) tact
d) tact
The changing criterion design is a variation of which of the following designs?
Multiple baseline.
Reversal.
Alternating treatments.
Withdrawal.
Withdrawal
When a subject's behavior changes each time a new criterion is introduced, this is an example of ____.
Prediction.
Function.
Replication.
Systematic manipulation.
Replication
In a changing criterion design, when a subject’s behavior systematically changes each time a new criterion is introduced, it demonstrates _____________ of the effect of the independent variable (IV). This replication strengthens the evidence that the changes in the behavior are due to the intervention and not some other variable.
replication
Which method will not reduce reactivity of observation?
Observe through a one-way observation window.
Tell the person that his or her behavior is being observed.
Wait until the person being observed is accustomed to the observer's presence.
Use participant observers.
Tell the person that his or her behavior is being observed.
Reflexivity is often described as
A=A equivalence. That is, one stimulus - a picture of a bike - is matched with another, similar stimulus - a picture of another bike.
Symmetry, is described as follows:
A=B, then B=A. For example, a learner might be taught that the picture of the bike (A) equals the written word 'bike' (B). But there is reversibility between the two stimuli - that is, the written word 'bike' (B) also equals the picture of the bike (A).
In transitivity,
A=B and B=C. So if a learner learns that A (the picture of the bike)
= B (the written word 'bike'),
And that B (the written word
'bike') = C (the spoken word 'bike'),
Then the learner can also
learn that C (the spoken word 'bike') = A (the picture of the bike).