front 1 A reversal design | back 1 (also known as an ABA or ABAB design) is a type of single-subject experimental design commonly used in behavior analysis to show the effectiveness of an intervention by reversing between baseline and treatment phases. |
front 2 A Multiple Baseline Design is a type of | back 2 experimental design used in Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) to demonstrate the effectiveness of an intervention across different settings, behaviors, or individuals, without withdrawing the intervention once it's applied. |
front 3 Strengths and limitations of multiple baseline designs | back 3
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front 4 limitations of multiple baseline designs | back 4
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front 5 Strengths of single-subject baseline designs | back 5
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front 6 Limitations of single-subject baseline designs | back 6
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front 7 What is group contingency? | back 7 is a behavioral control method in which a group is rewarded or punished according to the actions of individuals or the group as a whole. |
front 8 What does group contingency capitalize on? | back 8 It capitalizes on peer influence as group members are likely to encourage each other to earn rewards |
front 9 What does ruled governed mean? | back 9 learning from being told. Indirect contingency shaped |
front 10 What does contingency mean? | back 10 It means a relationship between a behavior and its consequences. Basically, "if you do this, then that happens." |
front 11 A group contingency in which one member acts as a hero by earning the reward for all members is called what? Group of answer choices Independent Dependent Interdependent | back 11 Dependent |
front 12 The alternating treatments design is also called the ____ design. Group of answer choices Assessment Multiple baseline Multielement Randomized | back 12 Multielement |
front 13 Continguency shaped behvaior involes __________ consequences | back 13 Direct |
front 14 What type of contingency operates independently of the behavior analyst's efforts? A. Contrived | back 14 C. Naural |
front 15 What does independent group contingency mean? | back 15 means that each person in the group is responsible for earning their reward, based on their behavior. No one else’s behavior affects your outcome. |
front 16 Example of independent group contingency | back 16 If you finish your math worksheet quietly, you’ll get extra computer time. |
front 17 What does interdependent group contingency mean? | back 17 means that every member of the group must meet the goal for the entire group to earn a reward. “All or none” — everyone’s performance matters. |
front 18 Example of interdependent group contingency? | back 18 “If everyone turns in their homework all week, the class gets a pizza party on Friday.” |
front 19 What does dependent group contingency mean? | back 19 It is a behavior management strategy where the entire group’s reward depends on one person's performance (or a small group). “Hero” of the group — if they meet the goal, everyone gets the reward. |
front 20 Example of a dependent group contingency? | back 20 “If Lina finishes all her math problems quietly, the whole class gets extra recess.” |
front 21 What type of contingency is designed to achieve the acquisition and
maintenance of generalized skill? | back 21 A.Contirved |
front 22 Contrived contingencies are | back 22 artificial or planned reinforcers used to teach a skill in a structured way. |
front 23 The alternating treatment design (ATD) — | back 23 Also called a multielement design, it is a type of single-subject experimental design used to compare the effectiveness of two or more treatments quickly. |
front 24 Example of alternative treatment design? | back 24 A teacher wants to see whether positive reinforcement or a token economy works better to increase a student's class participation:
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front 25 Key features of alternative treatment design? | back 25 Treatments are alternated rapidly, often from one session to the next. No need for baseline. Helps identify which treatment works best for the same behavior. Visual analysis is used to compare the effects |
front 26 Which intervention is more effective, DRA or shaping, in the scenario "Reinforcing a child for asking for help instead of screaming. | back 26 DRA. Because it is a more appropriate or functional behavior that already exists or can be easily taught. |
front 27 Which intervention is more effective, DRA or shaping, in the scenario "Reinforcing small steps toward saying a full word for a nonverbal child." | back 27 Shaping. Because it is appropritate when you need to build a skill from scratch |
front 28 When data point overlap during a testing the effectiveness of different treatments then that indicates that ____________ | back 28 those data points that overlap, the treatments would be similar to implement and give the same outcome. It also shows lack of control |
front 29 A stimulus change or condition that evokes a behavior that has terminated it in the past, as a punisher when presented following behavior, and/or as a reinforcer when withdrawn following behavior. Select one answer a) conditioned stimulus b) aversive stimulus c) baseline stimulus d) conditioned reinforcer | back 29 b) aversive stimulus |
front 30 A behavior that prevents an aversive event. | back 30 avoidant behavior |
front 31 A contingency in which a response prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus. Select one answer a) avoidance contingency b) escape contingency c) termination contingency d) response contingency | back 31 a) avoidance contingency |
front 32 Schedules of reinforcement that exist at the same time for two or more different behaviors.Select one answer a) independent reinforcement b) automatic reinforcement c) compound schedule of reinforcement d) continuous reinforcement | back 32 c) compound schedule of reinforcement |
front 33 Two or more of different behaviors or response options are concurrently available for the person. Select one answer a) concurrent responses b) concurrent operants c) concurrent options d) higher-order conditioning | back 33 b) concurrent operants |
front 34 A procedure in which a specific desirable behavior is followed by a reinforcer but other behaviors are not. The result is an increase in the desirable behavior and extinction of the other behaviors.Select one answer a) automatic reinforcement b) continuous reinforcement c) independent reinforcement d) differential reinforcement | back 34 d) differential reinforcement |
front 35 Behavior that results in the termination of an aversive stimulus.Select one answer a) avoidance behavior b) contingency c) punisher d) escape behavior | back 35 d) escape behavior |
front 36 Behaviors maintained with negative reinforcement are placed on escape extinction when those behaviors are not followed by termination of the aversive stimulus; emitting the target behavior does not enable the person to escape the aversive situation. Select one answer a) sensory extinction b) escape extinction c) spontaneous recovery d) extinction burst | back 36 b) escape extinction |
front 37 The process by which, when a previously reinforced behavior is no longer followed by the reinforcing consequences, the frequency of the behavior decreases in the future.Select one answer a) habituation b) satiation c) explanatory fiction d) extinction | back 37 d) extinction |
front 38 An increase in the frequency of responding when an extinction procedure is initially implemented.Select one answer a) sensory extinction b) respondent extinction c) spontaneous recovery d) extinction burst | back 38 d) extinction burst |
front 39 A schedule of reinforcement in which a specific number of responses must occur before the reinforcer is delivered.Select one answer a) fixed differential b) fixed ratio c) discriminated stimulus d) fixed interval | back 39 b) fixed ratio |
front 40 Occurs when a behavior in a particular situation is followed by a reinforcing consequence, thus making the behavior more likely to occur in similar circumstances in the future.Select one answer a) operational stimulus b) negative reinforcement c) motivational conditioning d) operant conditioning | back 40 d) operant conditioning |
front 41 Operant conditioning _______________ | back 41 Occurs when a behavior is followed by a reinforcing consequence, making it more likely to happen again in similar situations. |
front 42 Operant ___________ | back 42
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front 43 Conditioning __________ | back 43
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front 44 Operant conditioning _____________ | back 44 involves changing behavior through the processes of reinforcement or punishment procedures. |
front 45 respondent conditioning is considered ___________ | back 45 classical conditioning, which is a behavior that is involuntary |
front 46 The process by which, when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus gradually ceases to elicit the conditioned response. Select one answer a) respondent replication b) respondent extinction c) extinction d) respondent behavior | back 46 b) respondent extinction |
front 47 Example of respondent extinction | back 47 If you keep ringing the bell without giving food, the dog will eventually stop salivating to the bell. |
front 48 A schedule of reinforcement identical to the chained schedule except that, like the mixed schedule, the tandem schedule does not use discriminative stimuli with the elements in the chain.Select one answer a) chained schedule b) mixed schedules of reinforcement c) contingency assessment d) tandem schedule | back 48 d) tandem schedule |
front 49 Tandem schedule _____________ | back 49 means a person (or animal) must complete two or more tasks in a certain order to get a reward — but there are no clear signals telling them when one task ends and the next begins. |
front 50 A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response that occurs after a specified time interval is reinforced a) variable response b) fixed interval c) variable interval d) variable ratio | back 50 c) variable interval |
front 51 In an avoidance contingency: The aversive stimulus is present prior to the response, which terminates the aversive stimulus. The aversive stimulus is looming but not present prior to the response. The occurrence of the response prevents the presentation of the aversive stimulus. The positive reinforcer is presented prior to the response, avoiding the need for an aversive stimulus. The individual is punished prior to the response. | back 51 The aversive stimulus is looming but not present prior to the response. The occurrence of the response prevents the presentation of the aversive stimulus. |
front 52 Which is the best representation of the sequence in an escape contingency? EO (presence of a reinforcing stimulus), SD, target response, termination of the EO. SD, EO (presence of an aversive stimulus), target response, termination of the EO. SD, target response, EO (presence of an aversive stimulus), termination of the EO. EO (presence of an aversive stimulus), SD, target response, termination of the EO. | back 52 EO (presence of an aversive stimulus), SD, target response, termination of the EO. |
front 53 Whenever DeShawn hits his little brother, he loses his television privileges. DeShawn never loses his television privileges for any other behavior. This is an example of a(an) ____________ existing between hitting his little brother and losing his television privileges. Group of answer choices Establishing operation. Contingency. Schedule. Correlation | back 53 Contingency |
front 54 Matteo answers a question in class and is praised by the teacher. As a result, Matteo is more likely to answer questions in class. Matteo's behavior of answering questions in class is referred to as ____________ behavior. Group of answer choices Controlled. Natural. Operant. Situational. | back 54 Operant |
front 55 Operant behavior is ________ | back 55 behavior that is influenced by its consequences — it is learned and modified through reinforcement or punishment. |
front 56 Lian takes out the garbage and, as a result, her parents let her watch her favorite television show. Lian is then more likely to take out the garbage when asked. Being able to watch her favorite television show is a ____________ for her behavior of taking out the garbage. Reinforcer. Reinforcement. Contingency. Dependent variable. | back 56 Reinforcement |
front 57 A reinforcer is a | back 57 specific stimulus or event that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again. |
front 58 Luca pets a strange dog and is immediately bitten. In behavior analysis, getting bitten is referred to as the ______________ for the behavior of petting the dog. Punishment. Reinforcement. Consequence. Antecedent. | back 58 Consequence |
front 59 In behavior analysis, a consequence | back 59 is what follows a behavior and affects the future likelihood of that behavior. |
front 60 Terms like ________ or __________ refer to the control of behavior by its environmental context. Contingency, content. Cognition, knowledge. Generalization, contingency. None of the other answers are correct. | back 60 Cognition, knowledge. |
front 61 The degree to which a study's findings are generalizable to other subjects, settings, or behavior. a) experimental control b) extraneous variable c) external validity d) experimental question | back 61 c) external validity |
front 62 An experimental design in which two or more conditions (one of which may be a no-treatment control condition) are presented in rapidly alternating succession (such as on alternating sessions or days) independent of the level of responding. Differences in responding between or among conditions are attributed to the effects of the conditions. a) NCR reversal technique b) A-B reversal design c) multi-element design d) multiple treatment reversal design | back 62 c) multi-element design |
front 63 So, multi-element design ___________ | back 63 rapidly switching between treatments to compare their effects quickly. |
front 64 NCR reversal technique involves | back 64
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front 65 In A-B reversal design | back 65 you compare the behavior in A (no treatment) to B (with treatment) to see if the treatment worked. |
front 66 The effects of one treatment on a subject's behavior being confounded by the influence of another treatment administered in the same study. Select one answer a) NCR reversal technique b) DRI or DRA reversal technique c) sequence effects d) multi-element design | back 66 c) sequence effects |
front 67 Simple understanding of two phase multielement desing | back 67
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front 68 The baseline measures are collected until a stable level of responding or counter-therapeutic trend is obtained before the alternating treatment phase. a) Two-phase multielement design b) A-B reversal design c) reversal design d) delayed multiple baseline design | back 68 a) Two-phase multielement design |
front 69 DRI or DRA reversal technique | back 69
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front 70 A variation of the multiple baseline design in which an initial baseline, and perhaps intervention, are begun for one behavior (or setting, or subject), and subsequent baselines for additional behaviors are begun in a staggered or delayed fashion. Select one answer a) reversal design b) delayed multiple baseline design c) Multiple treatment reversal design d) withdrawal design | back 70 b) delayed multiple baseline design |
front 71 The value on the vertical axis around which a series of behavioral measures converge. a) level b) split-middle line of progress c) variability d) overall response rate | back 71 a) level |
front 72 A visual representation of the occurrence of behavior over time. Select one answer a) line graph b) graph c) level d) data | back 72 b) graph |
front 73 This design compares two or more distinct treatments while their effects on the target behavior are measured. Reversal design. Alternating-treatments design. Withdrawal design. Multiple-treatment reversal design. | back 73 Alternating-treatments design. |
front 74 What type of experimental assessment methodology uses an ATD? Group of answer choices ABLLS. Scatter plot. Functional analysis. ABC. | back 74 Functional analysis. |
front 75 ABC (Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence) is a | back 75 descriptive assessment, not an experimental design. |
front 76 Scatter plot is a | back 76 data recording method to identify patterns over time. |
front 77 ABLLS is a | back 77 skills assessment tool. |
front 78 What is ABLLS in simple terms? | back 78 Assessment of Basic Language and Learning Skills. |
front 79 What assessment uses an alternating-treatments design to identify the maintaining function of a behavior? Group of answer choices Functional behavior assessment. Functional analysis. Functional design. Experimental analysis of behavior. | back 79 Functional analysis. |
front 80 Functional Analysis = | back 80 Testing different reasons for behavior to understand and fix it. |
front 81 Which of the following is not another name for the alternating-treatments design? Group of answer choices Multi-element design. Multiple-schedule design. Concurrent-schedule design. Concurrent-treatment design. | back 81 Multiple-schedule design. |
front 82 What is a basic goal of the changing criterion design? Group of answer choices To evaluate the effects of a treatment on the gradual increase or decrease of a single target behavior. Comparison of the effects of two or more treatments on the same behavior. The evaluation of more than one treatment. Demonstration of a functional relationship between the target behavior and intervention by replicating the intervention effects with two or more behaviors, in two or more settings, or with two or more individuals. | back 82 To evaluate effects of a treatment on the gradual increase or decrease of a single target behavior. |
front 83 Tact responses prompted by specific verbal instructions. Select one answer a) pure tact b) metonymical extension c) impure tact d) metaphorical extension | back 83 c) impure tact |
front 84 Someone who provides reinforcement for verbal behavior. a) reinforcer b) listener c) mand d) speaker | back 84 b) listener |
front 85 A type of stimulus-to-stimulus relation in which the learner, without any prior training or reinforcement for doing so, selects a comparison stimulus that is the same as the sample stimulus (for example, A = A) a) establishing operation b) abolishing operation c) reflexive conditioned motivating operation d) matching operation | back 85 c) reflexive conditioned motivating operation |
front 86 An elementary verbal operant evoked by a nonverbal discriminative stimulus and followed by generalized conditioned reinforcement. a) echoic b) autoclitic relation c) transcription d) tact | back 86 d) tact |
front 87 The changing criterion design is a variation of which of the following designs? Multiple baseline. Reversal. Alternating treatments. Withdrawal. | back 87 Withdrawal |
front 88 When a subject's behavior changes each time a new criterion is introduced, this is an example of ____. Prediction. Function. Replication. Systematic manipulation. | back 88 Replication |
front 89 In a changing criterion design, when a subject’s behavior systematically changes each time a new criterion is introduced, it demonstrates _____________ of the effect of the independent variable (IV). This replication strengthens the evidence that the changes in the behavior are due to the intervention and not some other variable. | back 89 replication |
front 90 Which method will not reduce reactivity of observation? Observe through a one-way observation window. Tell the person that his or her behavior is being observed. Wait until the person being observed is accustomed to the observer's presence. Use participant observers. | back 90 Tell the person that his or her behavior is being observed. |
front 91 Reflexivity is often described as | back 91 A=A equivalence. That is, one stimulus - a picture of a bike - is matched with another, similar stimulus - a picture of another bike. |
front 92 Symmetry, is described as follows: | back 92 A=B, then B=A. For example, a learner might be taught that the picture of the bike (A) equals the written word 'bike' (B). But there is reversibility between the two stimuli - that is, the written word 'bike' (B) also equals the picture of the bike (A). |
front 93 In transitivity, | back 93 A=B and B=C. So if a learner learns that A (the picture of the bike)
= B (the written word 'bike'), |