Which of the following processes releases stored energy that can be used to power other processes?
Allowing a warm system to cool to environmental temperature.
Disrupting the structure of the skin would directly interfere with which of the following processes?
Defending against pathogens Moving the arms Maintaining steady body fluid levels Maintaining blood glucose Moving the legs
Defending against pathogens
Maintaining steady body fluid levels
Disrupting the structure of the femur would dramatically interfere with which of the following processes?
Assume all other bones are intact. Defending against pathogens Moving the arms Maintaining steady body fluid levels Maintaining blood glucose Moving the legs
Moving the legs
Which of the following releases energy that can be used to power other reactions?
Allowing sodium to move from and area of high concentration to low concentration (so that the difference in sodium concentrations becomes smaller)
A "gradient" occurs when one area is different from another. Which of the following requires the input of energy?
Creating a gradient.
If humans have no structure that changes shape in the presence of uranium, is it possible to maintain uranium homeostasis?
No
Which of the following requires the input of energy?
Maintaining higher extracellular sodium concentrations than intracellular.
Is it possible to disrupt the structure of skin cells without disrupting the structure of the skin?
No
Which of the following processes releases stored energy that can be used to power other processes?
Allowing a cool system to warm to environmental temperature.
Which of the following is an example of homeostasis?
Maintaining higher extracellular sodium concentrations than intracellular.
Humans maintain homeostasis of which of the following variables?
Blood pH Heart rate Blood glucose Blood oxygen levels Sweat rate Blood sodium levels Dietary sodium intake
Blood pH Blood glucose Blood oxygen levels Blood sodium levels
Do humans maintain heart rate homeostasis?
No
Is it possible to disrupt the structure of a tissue without disrupting the structure of the cells that are in the tissue?
Yes
Referring to the human body, which of the following statements is accurate? Form follows function Function follows form
Function follows form
Which of the following chemical reactions would occur most rapidly without an enzyme?
An endergonic chemical reaction in the presence of ATP
An endergonic chemical reaction without ATP
An exergonic chemical reaction in a very hot environment
An exergonic chemical reaction in a very cold environment
An exergonic chemical reaction in a very hot environment
Imagine a solution containing only water, sodium, and potassium. If a voltage is applied to the solution, the electrical force acting on potassium would be
Equal to the electrical force acting on sodium
Which of the following bonds are polar ("polar" referring to polar enough to dissolve in water)?
O-H
Carbohydrates contain
C-C bonds, O-H bonds, and C-H bonds
The sequence of amino acids in a protein determines its
Primary structure
Does a solution that contains only water and glucose conduct electricity?
No
Which of the following usually dissolves well in water?
Carbohydrates
Ions
Why does sodium chloride dissolve well in water?
The ionic bonds break because portions of the water molecules attract each ion
Water is
Polar
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic lipid tails contain
C-C and C-H bonds
Ions moving down their electrochemical gradient
Release potential energy
Glucose dissolves in water because
O-H bonds form hydrogen bonds with water
Imagine a beaker of water into which we place two drops of red food coloring and one drop of blue food coloring. The drops land in different places on the surface of the water. The concentration gradient acting on the red molecules would be
Stronger than on the blue molecules, but in a different direction
Imagine a solution containing only water, sodium, and glucose. If a voltage is applied to the solution, glucose would move
There would be no net movement of glucose
The primary purpose of a buffer is to
Maintain the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
When ATP is hydrolyzed to produce ADP and phosphate the chemical reaction is
Exergonic
Some exergonic chemical reactions that proceed slowly in the outside world proceed quickly in the human body. This is primarily because
Humans have enzymes that lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction.
In chemical reactions, which of the following subatomic particles are exchanged? (Remember, we’re talking about the human body here.)
Electrons
Does a solution that contains water and dissolved sodium chloride conduct electricity?
Yes
The inside of a cell contains several buffers. These buffers help ensure that
pH inside the cell remains stable when extracellular pH changes
Sodium chloride dissolves in water because
Water is polar so that partial negative charges stabilize positive ions while partial positive charges stabilize negative ions.
Fats do not dissolve in water because
There are no O-H bonds form hydrogen bonds with water
If a chemical binds to a protein, which of the following would you expect to occur?
The protein would change shape The protein would change function
If you need a solution to conduct electricity, which of the following molecules would you choose?
A molecule with ionic bonds
Carbohydrates are
Hydrophilic
Enzymes
Lower the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur
How would adding acid to a non-buffered solution be most likely to affect protein structure?
Adding acid would disrupt the secondary and tertiary structure of the protein
Assume a growth factor from outside a cell tells the cell to divide. The growth factor cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane and there are no transport proteins for that growth factor. What can you deduce about the growth factor receptor?
The growth factor receptor must be at least partly exposed to the fluid outside a cell
The growth factor receptor must be connected to the inside of the cell
The growth factor receptor must change shape when it binds to the growth factor
The growth factor receptor must be at least partly exposed to the fluid outside a cell
The growth factor receptor must be connected to the inside of the cell
The growth factor receptor must change shape when it binds to the growth factor
How do forces act on sodium in resting cells?
Electrical gradient pushes in; concentration gradient pushes in
Ions moving down their electrochemical gradient
Release potential energy
By which of the following methods does a cell control the rate of a chemical reaction?
By separating reactants from each other
Through the controlling the activity of enzymes
By changing the amount of energy released by a reaction
By separating reactants from each other
Through the controlling the activity of enzymes
If blood sodium dropped to dangerously low levels, cells in the body would
Swell and possibly pop
A gene provides instructions for the
The primary structure of the protein
Glucose does not simply diffuse through a cell’s plasma membrane because
Glucose is polar, but a cell’s plasma membrane is not
The action of steroid receptors would be _____________ that the action of a neurotransmitter that directly opens ion channels in a cell’s plasma membrane
Slower
Which of the following is the site of most ATP synthesis in a cell?
The mitochondrion
How would adding acid to a non-buffered solution be most likely to affect protein structure?
Adding acid would disrupt the secondary and tertiary structure of the protein
If all GLUT4 transporters were destroyed, would injected insulin lower blood glucose?
No
In human cells, a concentration gradient usually pushes potassium
Out of a cell
The production of a protein from mRNA is called
Translation
When treating type 1 diabetes mellitus with insulin injections, what is the role of a glucose meter?
A glucose meter serves as a sensor in a negative feedback loop
From rest, if we allow only potassium to cross a cell’s membrane, the cell would get
More negative
When blood glucose climbs, the sensor for the change is in the
Pancreas
Which of the following makes sodium want to enter a resting cell?
Sodium concentrations are higher outside a cell than inside
If a red blood cell is placed in a very dilute solution, what will happen
The cell will burst
Which of the following would be most detrimental to a cell’s survival?
4 defective genes involved in the production of ATP
All hyperosmotic solutions are hypertonic.
False
A box of dried pasta can sit on the shelf indefinitely without breaking down, but when we eat the pasta, starch is broken down into water and CO2. Energy stored in the bonds is released. The reason pasta breaks down in our bodies is that
Enzymes in our bodies lower the amount of energy required for chemical reactions to move forward
Which of the following would be most likely to cross a cell’s plasma membrane by simple diffusion?
A small lipid
Many choice: In type 2 diabetes mellitus, which component(s) of the insulin feedback loop is/are first disrupted?
The effector
A gene is
A segment of DNA that codes for the amino acid sequence in a protein
The portion of a cell membrane that forms the core (inside) of a lipid bilayer consists primarily of
Lipid
Tissue that contains few cells and more extracellular protein fibers than ground substance
Dense connective tissue
Which of the following epithelial tissue structures is best optimized
for transport?
Simple squamous epithelium
Simple cuboidal
epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
Stratified
squamous epithelium
Stratified muscular epithelium
Simple squamous epithelium
Which of the following best describes dense connective tissue?
Tissue that consists mostly of extracellular matrix and has more protein fibers than ground substance.
Feces must pass through the anus without disrupting the underlying tissue and no absorption of nutrients occurs in the anus. The anus is most likely lined with
Stratified squamous epithelial tissue
The structural properties of connective tissue are primarily due to
the properties of
The ground substance in the tissue
The
protein fibers in the extracellular matrix
The cells that make
up the tissue
The ground substance in the tissue
The protein fibers in the
extracellular matrix
The lungs are lined with
Simple squamous epithelial tissue
Which of the following is a dense connective tissue?
Tendon
The reticular layer of the dermis
The papillary layer of
the dermis
Tendon
The reticular layer of the dermis
Where would you find the blood supply for epithelial cells?
In the connective tissue deep to the epithelium
The structural properties of epithelial tissue are primarily due to
the structure of
The ground substance in the tissue
The
protein fibers in the extracellular matrix
The cells that make
up the tissue
The cells that make up the tissue
Which of the following protein fibers resist stretch, but provide flexibility?
Collagen fibers