What do we call an environmental agent that causes abnormal development in a fetus or embryo?
Teratogen
Which of the following types of genes promotes cell proliferation an survival and, when mutate, can cause cancer?
Protooncogene
When prescribed medications, individuals who are ultrafast metabolizers based on their cytochrome p450 genotype are at risk of which of the following?
B and C (Toxic buildup of medications; Most likely no therapeutic effect of a medication)
Which of the following is the major form of programmed cell death during development?
Apoptosis
In dysmorphology, a disruption is a type of variation that is characterized by which of the following?
Destruction or interruption of intrinsically normal tissue
Cancer is often the result of activation of _____ to _____ and the inactivation of _____ genes.
proto-oncogenes; oncogenes; tumor-suppressor genes
Fundamental mechanisms operating in development include cell movement, programmed cell death, gene regulation, transcription factors, induction of cell shape and polarity, as we as cellcell signaling by direct contact and by morphogens
True
A mutation in a codon leads to the substitution of one amino acid with another. What is the name for this type of mutation?
missense mutation
There is a Two-Hit theory of tumor suppressor gene inactivation in cancer, for Mendelian or sporadic cancer, the "second-hit" mutation is:
always somatic
Which one of the following statements is incorrect?
Ultrafast metabolizer shows poor response to the medication
Genetic polymorphisms account for differences in metabolism, including
All of the above [Poor metabolizers (PMs), Intermediate metabolizers (IMs), and Extensive metabolizers (EMs)]
What term is used for a collection of abnormalities that are caused by a single causative agent in parallel?
Syndrome
Which tumor suppressor gene is mutated in over 50% of cancers?
p53
Up to 21% of Asians are ultra-rapid 2D6 metabolizers, leading to:
Increased dosages needed of drugs metabolized by 2D6
Indicate True or False: Cell-cell communication systems are composed of a cell surface receptor and the molecule called a ligand
True
What proportion of all cancers are hereditary cancer syndromes?
5%
Individuals with reduced drug metabolism activity may experience:
Prolonged drug effects or toxicity
Using the following groups, compose a formula for the odds ratio for
a disease-marker association:
a = affected who have the marker
allele of interest
b = controls who have the marker allele of interest
c = affected who lack the marker allele of interest.
d = controls who lack the marker allele of interest.
ad/bc
Adverse drug reactions occur more frequently in individuals with:
Slower drug metabolism
(T/F) Variation on pharmacokinetics of drugs include the differences in the way the body responds to a drug. Variation on pharmacodynamics include the differences in the body absorbing, transporting, metabolizes, or excretes pr their metabolites differences in the way the body responds to a drug.
False
Poor metabolizers in pharmacogenetics refer to individuals who:
Metabolize drugs slowly