front 1 What do we call an environmental agent that causes abnormal development in a fetus or embryo? | back 1 Teratogen |
front 2 Which of the following types of genes promotes cell proliferation an survival and, when mutate, can cause cancer? | back 2 Protooncogene |
front 3 When prescribed medications, individuals who are ultrafast metabolizers based on their cytochrome p450 genotype are at risk of which of the following? | back 3 B and C (Toxic buildup of medications; Most likely no therapeutic effect of a medication) |
front 4 Which of the following is the major form of programmed cell death during development? | back 4 Apoptosis |
front 5 In dysmorphology, a disruption is a type of variation that is characterized by which of the following? | back 5 Destruction or interruption of intrinsically normal tissue |
front 6 Cancer is often the result of activation of _____ to _____ and the inactivation of _____ genes. | back 6 proto-oncogenes; oncogenes; tumor-suppressor genes |
front 7 Fundamental mechanisms operating in development include cell movement, programmed cell death, gene regulation, transcription factors, induction of cell shape and polarity, as we as cellcell signaling by direct contact and by morphogens | back 7 True |
front 8 A mutation in a codon leads to the substitution of one amino acid with another. What is the name for this type of mutation? | back 8 missense mutation |
front 9 There is a Two-Hit theory of tumor suppressor gene inactivation in cancer, for Mendelian or sporadic cancer, the "second-hit" mutation is: | back 9 always somatic |
front 10 Which one of the following statements is incorrect? | back 10 Ultrafast metabolizer shows poor response to the medication |
front 11 Genetic polymorphisms account for differences in metabolism, including | back 11 All of the above [Poor metabolizers (PMs), Intermediate metabolizers (IMs), and Extensive metabolizers (EMs)] |
front 12 What term is used for a collection of abnormalities that are caused by a single causative agent in parallel? | back 12 Syndrome |
front 13 Which tumor suppressor gene is mutated in over 50% of cancers? | back 13 p53 |
front 14 Up to 21% of Asians are ultra-rapid 2D6 metabolizers, leading to: | back 14 Increased dosages needed of drugs metabolized by 2D6 |
front 15 Indicate True or False: Cell-cell communication systems are composed of a cell surface receptor and the molecule called a ligand | back 15 True |
front 16 What proportion of all cancers are hereditary cancer syndromes? | back 16 5% |
front 17 Individuals with reduced drug metabolism activity may experience: | back 17 Prolonged drug effects or toxicity |
front 18 Using the following groups, compose a formula for the odds ratio for
a disease-marker association: b = controls who have the marker allele of interest c = affected who lack the marker allele of interest. d = controls who lack the marker allele of interest. | back 18 ad/bc |
front 19 Adverse drug reactions occur more frequently in individuals with: | back 19 Slower drug metabolism |
front 20 (T/F) Variation on pharmacokinetics of drugs include the differences in the way the body responds to a drug. Variation on pharmacodynamics include the differences in the body absorbing, transporting, metabolizes, or excretes pr their metabolites differences in the way the body responds to a drug. | back 20 False |
front 21 Poor metabolizers in pharmacogenetics refer to individuals who: | back 21 Metabolize drugs slowly |