bmd 330 exam 3 Flashcards

Genetic makeup (DNA).

Observable traits (e.g., antibiotic resistance, pigment).

• A set of genes involved in lactose metabolism in E. coli.
• Regulated by presence/absence of lactose and glucose

Rifampin (inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase)

Tetracyclines, Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol (target bacterial ribosomes)

• Transformation
• Transduction
• Conjugation

Uptake of naked DNA

Via bacteriophages (viruses)

Direct cell-to-cell contact using a pilus

Detects mutagenic potential of chemicals using bacteria.

• Point mutations
• Frameshift

Silent, Missense, Nonsense

Insertions or deletions

regenerates NAD⁺; produces acids/gases/alcohol

Allows ATP production without oxygen

Involves light reactions and carbon fixation (e.g., cyanobacteria)

Breaks down molecules release energy

builds molecules req energy

• Biological catalysts; affected by temp, pH, inhibitors

Functions: Lower activation energy

Uses O₂, most ATP

Uses other terminal electron acceptors

Blood-borne immune cells, clotting, complement

Lymph nodes, WBCs, spleen

Body-wide inflammatory response to infection

Inflammation of heart lining

Caused by Gram-negative LPS

Internal bleeding (e.g., Ebola)

High fever without bleeding (e.g., Q fever)

Stomach acid, mucus, GALT, microbiota

Involve ingestion, migration through tissues, reproduction

sudden onset

long term

toxins, not infection

Urine flow, low pH, mucous membranes

Caused by E. coli, Staph saprophyticus

Overgrowth, little inflammation (e.g., Gardnerella)

Inflammation, itching, discharge (e.g., Candida)

Inflammation of prostate, often bacterial

Raises body temp to inhibit microbes and enhance immunity

Activate immune response

kill infected cells

produce antibodies

Redness, heat, swelling, pain – recruits immune cells

Train immune system for future exposure (active immunity)

All cells, present to cytotoxic T cells

• APCs (like dendritic cells), present to helper T cells

Causes anthrax, which can manifest as cutaneous, inhalational, or gastrointestinal forms. Inhalational anthrax is particularly severe and can be fatal if not treated promptly.

A versatile pathogen causing skin infections, pneumonia, endocarditis, and sepsis. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains are notable for their antibiotic resistance

Responsible for pneumococcal diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, and bacteremia. It is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia

The causative agent of plague, including bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic forms. Transmitted primarily through flea bites

Causes Lyme disease, transmitted by blacklegged ticks. Early symptoms include a characteristic "bull's-eye" rash

Leads to cat scratch disease, characterized by swollen lymph nodes near the site of a cat scratch or bite.​

Responsible for diseases like Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus, transmitted by ticks, fleas, or lice.​

A herpesvirus causing infectious mononucleosis ("mono") and associated with certain cancers like Burkitt's lymphoma.​

A flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes, causing symptoms ranging from fever to severe liver disease with bleeding.​

Human Immunodeficiency Virus attacks the immune system, leading to AIDS if untreated. Transmitted through blood, sexual contact, and from mother to child.​

A primary bacterium involved in dental caries (tooth decay) due to its acid-producing capability.

While many strains are harmless, pathogenic E. coli can cause diarrhea, urinary tract infections, and other illnesses.

Infects the stomach lining, leading to ulcers and potentially increasing the risk of stomach cancer. Mayo Clinic​

Causes salmonellosis, a common foodborne illness resulting in diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps. Mayo Clinic​

Produces toxins leading to food poisoning, characterized by abdominal cramps and diarrhea. CDC​

Transmitted via the fecal-oral route, leading to liver inflammation. Often associated with contaminated food or water. Mayo Clinic​

Spread through blood and bodily fluids, it can cause both acute and chronic liver infections.​eatingwell.com

Primarily transmitted through blood, leading to chronic liver disease and potential liver cancer.​

Causes mumps, characterized by swollen salivary glands, and can lead to complications like orchitis.​

A protozoan causing giardiasis, leading to diarrhea and gastrointestinal discomfort.​

Also known as pinworm, it causes perianal itching, especially in children.​

A pork tapeworm that can lead to cysticercosis if larvae invade body tissues.​

A liver fluke causing fascioliasis, leading to liver inflammation and bile duct obstruction.​

Causes chlamydia, a common sexually transmitted infection that can lead to reproductive complications if untreated. ​

The bacterium responsible for syphilis, a disease with stages ranging from sores to systemic involvement. ​

Causes gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection affecting mucous membranes. ​Mayo Clinic

Leads to chancroid, characterized by painful genital ulcers. ​

HSV-1 typically causes oral herpes, while HSV-2 is associated with genital herpes.​

A group of viruses causing warts and associated with cervical and other cancers.​

A yeast causing candidiasis, including vaginal yeast infections and oral thrush.​

A protozoan causing trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted infection leading to genital inflammation.​

A parasitic worm causing urinary schistosom