front 1 genotype | back 1 Genetic makeup (DNA). |
front 2 phenotype | back 2 Observable traits (e.g., antibiotic resistance, pigment). |
front 3 lac operon | back 3
|
front 4 Transcription | back 4 Rifampin (inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase) |
front 5 Translation | back 5 Tetracyclines, Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol (target bacterial ribosomes) |
front 6 Horizontal Gene Transfer Types | back 6
|
front 7
| back 7 Uptake of naked DNA |
front 8
| back 8 Via bacteriophages (viruses) |
front 9
| back 9 Direct cell-to-cell contact using a pilus |
front 10
Ames Test
| back 10 Detects mutagenic potential of chemicals using bacteria. |
front 11
Mutation Categories
| back 11
|
front 12
| back 12 Silent, Missense, Nonsense |
front 13 Frameshift | back 13 Insertions or deletions |
front 14 anaerobic fermentation | back 14 regenerates NAD⁺; produces acids/gases/alcohol Allows ATP production without oxygen |
front 15
Photosynthesis in Bacteria
| back 15 Involves light reactions and carbon fixation (e.g., cyanobacteria) |
front 16 Catabolism | back 16 Breaks down molecules release energy |
front 17 anabolism | back 17 builds molecules req energy |
front 18 enzymes | back 18
Functions: Lower activation energy |
front 19 aerobic respiration | back 19 Uses O₂, most ATP |
front 20 Anaerobic respiration | back 20 Uses other terminal electron acceptors |
front 21 cardio defenses | back 21 Blood-borne immune cells, clotting, complement |
front 22 lymphatic defenses | back 22
Lymph nodes, WBCs, spleen
|
front 23 Sepsis | back 23 Body-wide inflammatory response to infection |
front 24 Endocarditis | back 24 Inflammation of heart lining |
front 25 Endotoxic shock: | back 25 Caused by Gram-negative LPS |
front 26 Hemorrhagic fever | back 26 Internal bleeding (e.g., Ebola) |
front 27 Nonhemorrhagic fever | back 27 High fever without bleeding (e.g., Q fever) |
front 28 GI system defenses | back 28 Stomach acid, mucus, GALT, microbiota |
front 29
Helminth Life Cycles
| back 29 Involve ingestion, migration through tissues, reproduction |
front 30 acute gi disease | back 30 sudden onset |
front 31 chronic gi disease | back 31 long term |
front 32 intoxication gi disease | back 32 toxins, not infection |
front 33 Genitourinary Tract Defenses | back 33 Urine flow, low pH, mucous membranes |
front 34 UTIs | back 34 Caused by E. coli, Staph saprophyticus |
front 35 Vaginosis | back 35 Overgrowth, little inflammation (e.g., Gardnerella) |
front 36 Vaginitis | back 36 Inflammation, itching, discharge (e.g., Candida) |
front 37 Prostatitis | back 37 Inflammation of prostate, often bacterial |
front 38 Fever | back 38 Raises body temp to inhibit microbes and enhance immunity |
front 39 Helper T | back 39 Activate immune response |
front 40 Cytotoxic T | back 40 kill infected cells |
front 41 b cells | back 41 produce antibodies |
front 42 Inflammation | back 42 Redness, heat, swelling, pain – recruits immune cells |
front 43 Vaccines | back 43 Train immune system for future exposure (active immunity) |
front 44 MHC class I | back 44 All cells, present to cytotoxic T cells |
front 45 MHC class II | back 45
|
front 46 Bacillus anthracis | back 46 Causes anthrax, which can manifest as cutaneous, inhalational, or gastrointestinal forms. Inhalational anthrax is particularly severe and can be fatal if not treated promptly. |
front 47 Staphylococcus aureus: | back 47 A versatile pathogen causing skin infections, pneumonia, endocarditis, and sepsis. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains are notable for their antibiotic resistance |
front 48 Streptococcus pneumoniae: | back 48 Responsible for pneumococcal diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, and bacteremia. It is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia |
front 49 Yersinia pestis: | back 49 The causative agent of plague, including bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic forms. Transmitted primarily through flea bites |
front 50 Borrelia burgdorferi: | back 50 Causes Lyme disease, transmitted by blacklegged ticks. Early symptoms include a characteristic "bull's-eye" rash |
front 51 Bartonella henselae: | back 51 Leads to cat scratch disease, characterized by swollen lymph nodes near the site of a cat scratch or bite. |
front 52 Rickettsia species: | back 52 Responsible for diseases like Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus, transmitted by ticks, fleas, or lice. |
front 53 Epstein–Barr virus: | back 53 A herpesvirus causing infectious mononucleosis ("mono") and associated with certain cancers like Burkitt's lymphoma. |
front 54 Yellow fever virus: | back 54 A flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes, causing symptoms ranging from fever to severe liver disease with bleeding. |
front 55 HIV: | back 55 Human Immunodeficiency Virus attacks the immune system, leading to AIDS if untreated. Transmitted through blood, sexual contact, and from mother to child. |
front 56 Streptococcus mutans: | back 56 A primary bacterium involved in dental caries (tooth decay) due to its acid-producing capability. |
front 57 Escherichia coli: | back 57 While many strains are harmless, pathogenic E. coli can cause diarrhea, urinary tract infections, and other illnesses. |
front 58 Helicobacter pylori | back 58 Infects the stomach lining, leading to ulcers and potentially increasing the risk of stomach cancer. Mayo Clinic |
front 59 Salmonella | back 59 Causes salmonellosis, a common foodborne illness resulting in diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps. Mayo Clinic |
front 60 Clostridium perfringens | back 60 Produces toxins leading to food poisoning, characterized by abdominal cramps and diarrhea. CDC |
front 61 Hepatitis A virus | back 61 Transmitted via the fecal-oral route, leading to liver inflammation. Often associated with contaminated food or water. Mayo Clinic |
front 62 Hepatitis B virus | back 62 Spread through blood and bodily fluids, it can cause both acute and chronic liver infections.eatingwell.com |
front 63 Hepatitis C virus | back 63 Primarily transmitted through blood, leading to chronic liver disease and potential liver cancer. |
front 64 Mumps virus | back 64 Causes mumps, characterized by swollen salivary glands, and can lead to complications like orchitis. |
front 65 Giardia duodenalis | back 65 A protozoan causing giardiasis, leading to diarrhea and gastrointestinal discomfort. |
front 66 Enterobius vermicularis | back 66 Also known as pinworm, it causes perianal itching, especially in children. |
front 67 Taenia solium | back 67 A pork tapeworm that can lead to cysticercosis if larvae invade body tissues. |
front 68 Fasciola hepatica | back 68 A liver fluke causing fascioliasis, leading to liver inflammation and bile duct obstruction. |
front 69 Chlamydia trachomatis | back 69 Causes chlamydia, a common sexually transmitted infection that can lead to reproductive complications if untreated. |
front 70 Treponema pallidum | back 70 The bacterium responsible for syphilis, a disease with stages ranging from sores to systemic involvement. |
front 71 Neisseria gonorrhoeae | back 71 Causes gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection affecting mucous membranes. Mayo Clinic |
front 72 Haemophilus ducreyi | back 72 Leads to chancroid, characterized by painful genital ulcers. |
front 73 Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 | back 73 HSV-1 typically causes oral herpes, while HSV-2 is associated with genital herpes. |
front 74 Human papillomaviruses | back 74 A group of viruses causing warts and associated with cervical and other cancers. |
front 75 Candida albicans | back 75 A yeast causing candidiasis, including vaginal yeast infections and oral thrush. |
front 76 Trichomonas vaginalis | back 76 A protozoan causing trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted infection leading to genital inflammation. |
front 77 Schistosoma haematobium | back 77 A parasitic worm causing urinary schistosom |