SC154 Unit 5 Flashcards


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A&P Unit 5 Knowledge Check
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1

The Central nervous system is comprised of:

Autonomic and cardiac innervation

The brain and spinal cord

Ascending tracts from the appendages to the brain

Cranial and spinal nerves

The brain and spinal cord

2

The term “gray matter,” as seen in the cortex of the brain, refers specifically to:

Neural regions with many soma and dendrites

Neural regions with many axons and dendrites

Spinal regions with spinal nerves

Cranial regions with cranial nerves

Neural regions with many soma and dendrites

3

The function of myelin is to:

Serve as a barrier to the neurons

Protect the large surface area of dendrites

Connect axons to soma

Increase the speed of nervous transmissions

Increase the speed of nervous transmissions

4

Which of the following shows the correct order of nervous transmission?

Axon – soma – dendrite

Dendrite – soma – axon

Soma – dendrite – axon

Dendrite – axon – soma

Dendrite – soma – axon

5

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease where _____ is mistakenly destroyed in the body.

Phospholipids

Neuroglia

Myelin

Bone tissue

Myelin

6

The space between neurons that electrical signals must cross to continue nervous transmission is called a(n):

Synapse

Synergy

Soma

System

Synapse

7

Extensions of the cell membranes of neurons are called:

Neuroglia

Axons

Soma

Processes

Processes

8

What form do electrical depolarizations take in order to cross a synapse?

Neuroglia

Neurotransmitters

Hormones

Buffers

Neurotransmitters

9

What is a multipolar cell?

A soma with one process

Ganglion with several axons

A soma with one axon and multiple dendrites

Multiple ganglia serving a multiple neurons

A soma with one axon and multiple dendrites

10

What is meant by the “blood-brain barrier”?

The meninges of the brain filtering out large proteins

Facilitated diffusion of wastes out of the circulatory system

A selectively permeable membrane between blood and the Central nervous system

The exchange of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood in the lungs

A selectively permeable membrane between blood and the Central nervous system

11

Which of the following function as myelin-generating structures?

Axons

Glial cells

Nodes of Ranvier

Lipocytes

Glial cells

12

Which of the following cells has a similar function to macrophages of the Immune system?

Oligodendrocytes

Satellite cells

Microglia

Ependymal cells

Microglia

13

The brainstem is composed of:

Cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

Cerebellum, medulla, hypothalamus

Midbrain, pons, medulla

Midbrain, pons, medulla

14

What does the posterior portion of the neural tube become in the embryo?

Spinal cord

Brain

Autonomic nerves

Peripheral nerves

Spinal cord

15

Where do the embryonic thalamus and hypothalamus develop?

Myelencephalon

Telecephalon

Diencephalon

Mesencephalon

Diencephalon

16

A zygote is a(n):

Egg that has been fertilized by a sperm

Embryo in the last week of development

Sperm cell that has reached the uterus

Egg outside of the fallopian tubes

Egg that has been fertilized by a sperm

17

Nervous system tissue develops from which embryonic germ layer?

Endoderm

Ectoderm

Exoderm

Mesoderm

Ectoderm

18

The hollow center of the embryonic neural tube develops into the:

Spinal cord nerves

Brainstem

Ventricles of the brain

Peripheral nervous system

Ventricles of the brain

19

In the Peripheral nervous system, a cluster of soma is called a:

Nucleus

Ganglion

Neuron

Astrocyte

Ganglion

20

Receptors that can relay the sense of hot and cold are termed:

Nociceptors

Mechanoreceptors

Esthesioreceptors

Thermoreceptors

Thermoreceptors

21

A threshold is:

The amount of stimulus needed to generate an action potential

The number of sensory receptors needed to create an impulse

The number of neurons that can innervate a muscle

The neuromuscular junction of a sensory neuron and skeletal muscle

The amount of stimulus needed to generate an action potential

22

What happens to a neurotransmitter that crosses a synapse to a subsequent neuron?

It denatures into amino acids

It binds to a receptor protein of the target neuron

It jumps to the axon of the next neuron via myelin

It enters a resting state in the postsynaptic cleft

It binds to a receptor protein of the target neuron

23

Movement of an action potential along an axon is termed:

Propagation

Node movement

Cultivation

Development

Propagation

24

The part of the brain that acts as a relay for sensory information is the:

Cerebellum

Thalamus

Cerebrum

Hypothalamus

Thalamus

25

Conscious perception of a sensory stimulus is accomplished by which part of the brain?

Cerebellum

Cerebral cortex

Diencephalon

Medulla

Cerebral cortex

26

The selective permeability of the cell membrane means that:

Water is actively transported across the membrane

Only proteins can enter the cell

Only certain substances can cross into or out of the cell

Only waste products can leave the cell

Only certain substances can cross into or out of the cell

27

An ion is a(n):

Membrane potential in the sarcolemma

Electrically charged particle

Covalently bonded Hydrogen atom

Lipid-based macromolecule

Electrically charged particle

28

Thermoreceptors and mechanoreceptors have _____ gated ion channels.

Mechanically

Chemically

Ligand

Size-restricted

Mechanically

29

The sodium-potassium pump moves ions against their concentration gradient, meaning that:

Lipids must bond to the ions before moving through the membrane

ATP is required as a source of energy

The concentration of ions outside the cell is equal to those inside

Ions are hydrophobic

ATP is required as a source of energy

30

Regarding membrane transport, “size exclusion” means that:

Proteins are limited in size due to the number of amino acids available

The size of the proteins in the membrane can grow to any size

The pores of ion channels determine the mass of the molecules that can pass through

The nucleus can only accept water via diffusion

The pores of ion channels determine the mass of the molecules that can pass through

31

A resting membrane voltage can be measured at approximately:

-800 V

-70 mV

100 V

30 mV

-70 mV

32

Resistance in terms of electrical propagation along a neuron is due to:

The number of dendrites present determines the rate of propagation

The speed of a depolarization is dependent on the width of the axon

The charge of the cell body slows the speed of depolarization from the dendrites

Longer axons have faster depolarizations than shorter on

The speed of a depolarization is dependent on the width of the axon

33

Where is an action potential in a membrane initiated?

At the Nodes of Ranvier

At the beginning of the axon

At the beginning of the cell body/soma

At the beginning of the dendrites

At the beginning of the axon

34

In terms of action potentials, _____ describes the steady state of the cell, as balanced by ion transfer across the membrane.

Retroactive membrane potential

Interactive membrane potential

Active membrane potential

Resting membrane potential

Resting membrane potential

35

Comparing two stimuli above an action potential threshold, the stronger stimulus will have _____ depolarization as/than the weaker stimulus.

The same

A somewhat greater

A greater

A weaker

The same

36

Which of the following is used to release neurotransmitters from the presynaptic cleft?

Exocytosis

Endocytosis

Osmosis

Diffusion

Exocytosis

37

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's are related to the accumulation of and/or malfunctioning:

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Fatty acids

Proteins

38

In a chemical synapse, what form does the signal take when it is released from one neuron to the next?

Ion

Depolarization

Hyperpolarization

Neurotransmitter

Neurotransmitter

39

What happens to amino acid neurotransmitters after they are active in a stimulus transmission?

They are recycled and used again

They combine to form proteins

They are denatured and diffuse into the bloodstream

They are broken down into fatty acids

They are recycled and used again

40

What happens if there is no receptor protein for a neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic cleft?

The neurotransmitter is used as a hormone for the Endocrine system

The neurotransmitter gets broken down and moved into the bloodstream

The effect of the neurotransmitter is increased

The neurotransmitter has no physiological effect

The neurotransmitter has no physiological effect

41

Perfusion to the brain is maintained by the:

Circle of Willis

Pulmonary artery

Vena cava

Aorta

Circle of Willis

42

What is present in the ventricles of the brain that cushion it and protect it from injury, as well as provides nourishment to the brain?

Meninges

Cerebrospinal fluid

Blood

Lymphatic fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid

43

Which of the following is a normal result of moving from seated to orthostatic position?

Decreased heart rate but increased blood pressure

Decreased heart rate and blood pressure

No change in heart rate or blood pressure

Increased heart rate and blood pressure

Increased heart rate and blood pressure

44

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) results in:

Blood supply to a region is blocked but is later restored

Necrosis and complete loss of function of the extremities

The diaphragm does not cause negative pressure to build up in the thorax

Oxygen saturation goes above normal levels

Blood supply to a region is blocked but is later restored

45

The external and internal carotid arteries supply the _____ with oxygen-rich blood.

Diaphragm and peritoneum

Thoracic cavity

Neck and upper limbs

Cranium and brain

Cranium and brain

46

The protective membrane of the central nervous system is termed:

Peritoneum

Pericardium

Pleura

Meninges

Meninges

47

The dura mater is:

Thick connective tissue of the head and neck

The membrane surrounding the sacrum and coccyx

The thin, inner membrane of the central nervous system

The tough, outer covering of the brain

The tough, outer covering of the brain

48

What is the ultimate fate of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

It is reabsorbed into the blood system

It is stored in the spleen and recycled

It constantly circulates throughout the peripheral nervous system

It is broken down by the live

It is reabsorbed into the blood system

49

The involutions of the brain that increase its surface area are known as:

Pyloric and rugae

Villi and cilia

Endoplasmic and extracellular

Gyri and sulci

Gyri and Sulci

50

Pulsating movement of cerebrospinal fluid is due to:

Smooth muscle contractions of the internal organs

Skeletal muscle movement

The circulatory system and cardiac rhythm

Osmosis of CSF into the interstitial spaces

The circulatory system and cardiac rhythm

51

What is the cure for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's?

There is no cure because dead neurons cannot be replaced

Repression of sensory neurons by inhibitory proteins

Stimulation of motor axons by neurotransmitter supplements

Artificial stimulation of the spinal cord by exogenous electrical waves

There is no cure because dead neurons cannot be replaced

52

Somatosensations of the body are primarily associated with which cerebral lobe?

Parietal

Temporal

Frontal

Occipital

Parietal

53

The area of the cerebrum located dorsomedially is the:

Temporal lobe

Frontal lobe

Central lobe

Occipital lobe

Occipital lobe

54

The largest mass of the brain is composed of the:

Meninges

Cerebrum

Diencephalon

Cerebellum

Cerebrum

55

What is meant by “Brodmann's Areas”?

Mapped regions of the cerebral cortex with their functions

Specific locations in the cerebral medulla involved with memory

The area in the brain responsible for speech and learning languages

Receptor areas for the autonomic nervous system

Mapped regions of the cerebral cortex with their functions

56

The area of the brain most influential on the autonomic nervous system and endocrine secretions is the:

Medulla

Cerebellum

Hypothalamus

Brain stem

Hypothalamus

57

The brain stem is composed of the:

Diencephalon

Midbrain, pons, and medulla

Thalamus and hypothalamus

Cerebrum and cerebellum

Midbrain, pons, and medulla

58

The descending tracts of white matter carry _____ from the brain.

Somatosensory input

Temperature regulation

Motor commands

Pressure interpretations

Motor commands

59

The main connection between the cerebellum and the brain stem is the:

Medulla

Pons

Diencephalon

Cerebrum

Pons

60

Axons entering the dorsal nerve root of the vertebral column transmit signals from:

Sensory input

The ventral nerve root

Skeletal muscle

Motor neurons

Sensory input

61

Control of tongue movements is under the direction of which cranial nerve?

Abducens

Spinal accessory

Hypoglossal

Facial

Hypoglossal

62

The cranial nerve responsible for transmitting the sense of smell is:

Olfactory

Optic

Vagus

Trigeminal

Olfactory

63

The muscles involved in chewing (mastication) are controlled by which cranial nerve?

Facial

Trigeminal

Glossopharyngeal

Olfactory

Trigeminal

64

A ganglion is:

a neurotransmitter in chemical form

a group of neuron cell bodies in the periphery

a long axon running the length of the spinal cord

a neuron that innervates smooth muscle

a group of neuron cell bodies in the periphery

65

Hearing and balance are controlled by which cranial nerve?

Trochlear

Vestibulocochlear

Vagus

Trigeminal

Vestibulocochlear

66

How many cervical nerves are in the vertebral column?

15

8

12

4

8

67

A nerve plexus is:

Where dendrites of cranial nerves conjoin as a single cranial nerve

Where the ascending and descending tracts meet

An area of dense motor neurons

Where axons from different spinal nerves join as a systemic nerve

Where axons from different spinal nerves join as a systemic nerve

68

Anosmia is defined as:

Macular degeneration and vision loss

The interpretation of taste as “spicy”

Conductive hearing loss

The loss of the sense of smell

The loss of the sense of smell

69

Sciatica is a nerve disorder that is part of which plexus?

Brachial

Sacral

Cervical

Lumbar

Sacral

70

The sense of taste diminishes as we age, due to:

Decreased action of the hypoglossal cranial nerve

Head trauma and its resulting nerve damage

Loss of sensory neurons of the olfactory epithelium

Blockages of the paranasal cavity

Loss of sensory neurons of the olfactory epithelium

71

The central processing of sensory stimuli into a meaningful pattern is termed:

activation

interrelation

perception

Sensation

perception

72

Conscious perception and voluntary motor responses are under the direction of the:

Autonomic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

Somatic nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

Somatic nervous system

73

Integration and association areas of the nervous system function to:

Match sensory neurons with motor neurons

Merge impulses from the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

Combine sensory perceptions with higher cognitive functions in order to produce a response

Interpret somatic and skeletal muscle actions

Combine sensory perceptions with higher cognitive functions in order to produce a response

74

Sensory stimuli result in:

Motor neuron activation

Somatic responses only

Autonomic responses only

Voluntary and involuntary responses

Voluntary and involuntary responses

75

Smooth muscle and glandular tissue in the digestive system are controlled by the:

Enteric nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

Central nervous system

Voluntary nervous system

Enteric nervous system