The Central nervous system is comprised of:
Autonomic and cardiac innervation
The brain and spinal cord
Ascending tracts from the appendages to the brain
Cranial and spinal nerves
The brain and spinal cord
The term “gray matter,” as seen in the cortex of the brain, refers specifically to:
Neural regions with many soma and dendrites
Neural regions with many axons and dendrites
Spinal regions with spinal nerves
Cranial regions with cranial nerves
Neural regions with many soma and dendrites
The function of myelin is to:
Serve as a barrier to the neurons
Protect the large surface area of dendrites
Connect axons to soma
Increase the speed of nervous transmissions
Increase the speed of nervous transmissions
Which of the following shows the correct order of nervous transmission?
Axon – soma – dendrite
Dendrite – soma – axon
Soma – dendrite – axon
Dendrite – axon – soma
Dendrite – soma – axon
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease where _____ is mistakenly destroyed in the body.
Phospholipids
Neuroglia
Myelin
Bone tissue
Myelin
The space between neurons that electrical signals must cross to continue nervous transmission is called a(n):
Synapse
Synergy
Soma
System
Synapse
Extensions of the cell membranes of neurons are called:
Neuroglia
Axons
Soma
Processes
Processes
What form do electrical depolarizations take in order to cross a synapse?
Neuroglia
Neurotransmitters
Hormones
Buffers
Neurotransmitters
What is a multipolar cell?
A soma with one process
Ganglion with several axons
A soma with one axon and multiple dendrites
Multiple ganglia serving a multiple neurons
A soma with one axon and multiple dendrites
What is meant by the “blood-brain barrier”?
The meninges of the brain filtering out large proteins
Facilitated diffusion of wastes out of the circulatory system
A selectively permeable membrane between blood and the Central nervous system
The exchange of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood in the lungs
A selectively permeable membrane between blood and the Central nervous system
Which of the following function as myelin-generating structures?
Axons
Glial cells
Nodes of Ranvier
Lipocytes
Glial cells
Which of the following cells has a similar function to macrophages of the Immune system?
Oligodendrocytes
Satellite cells
Microglia
Ependymal cells
Microglia
The brainstem is composed of:
Cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon
Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
Cerebellum, medulla, hypothalamus
Midbrain, pons, medulla
Midbrain, pons, medulla
What does the posterior portion of the neural tube become in the embryo?
Spinal cord
Brain
Autonomic nerves
Peripheral nerves
Spinal cord
Where do the embryonic thalamus and hypothalamus develop?
Myelencephalon
Telecephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Diencephalon
A zygote is a(n):
Egg that has been fertilized by a sperm
Embryo in the last week of development
Sperm cell that has reached the uterus
Egg outside of the fallopian tubes
Egg that has been fertilized by a sperm
Nervous system tissue develops from which embryonic germ layer?
Endoderm
Ectoderm
Exoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
The hollow center of the embryonic neural tube develops into the:
Spinal cord nerves
Brainstem
Ventricles of the brain
Peripheral nervous system
Ventricles of the brain
In the Peripheral nervous system, a cluster of soma is called a:
Nucleus
Ganglion
Neuron
Astrocyte
Ganglion
Receptors that can relay the sense of hot and cold are termed:
Nociceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Esthesioreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
A threshold is:
The amount of stimulus needed to generate an action potential
The number of sensory receptors needed to create an impulse
The number of neurons that can innervate a muscle
The neuromuscular junction of a sensory neuron and skeletal muscle
The amount of stimulus needed to generate an action potential
What happens to a neurotransmitter that crosses a synapse to a subsequent neuron?
It denatures into amino acids
It binds to a receptor protein of the target neuron
It jumps to the axon of the next neuron via myelin
It enters a resting state in the postsynaptic cleft
It binds to a receptor protein of the target neuron
Movement of an action potential along an axon is termed:
Propagation
Node movement
Cultivation
Development
Propagation
The part of the brain that acts as a relay for sensory information is the:
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Cerebrum
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Conscious perception of a sensory stimulus is accomplished by which part of the brain?
Cerebellum
Cerebral cortex
Diencephalon
Medulla
Cerebral cortex
The selective permeability of the cell membrane means that:
Water is actively transported across the membrane
Only proteins can enter the cell
Only certain substances can cross into or out of the cell
Only waste products can leave the cell
Only certain substances can cross into or out of the cell
An ion is a(n):
Membrane potential in the sarcolemma
Electrically charged particle
Covalently bonded Hydrogen atom
Lipid-based macromolecule
Electrically charged particle
Thermoreceptors and mechanoreceptors have _____ gated ion channels.
Mechanically
Chemically
Ligand
Size-restricted
Mechanically
The sodium-potassium pump moves ions against their concentration gradient, meaning that:
Lipids must bond to the ions before moving through the membrane
ATP is required as a source of energy
The concentration of ions outside the cell is equal to those inside
Ions are hydrophobic
ATP is required as a source of energy
Regarding membrane transport, “size exclusion” means that:
Proteins are limited in size due to the number of amino acids available
The size of the proteins in the membrane can grow to any size
The pores of ion channels determine the mass of the molecules that can pass through
The nucleus can only accept water via diffusion
The pores of ion channels determine the mass of the molecules that can pass through
A resting membrane voltage can be measured at approximately:
-800 V
-70 mV
100 V
30 mV
-70 mV
Resistance in terms of electrical propagation along a neuron is due to:
The number of dendrites present determines the rate of propagation
The speed of a depolarization is dependent on the width of the axon
The charge of the cell body slows the speed of depolarization from the dendrites
Longer axons have faster depolarizations than shorter on
The speed of a depolarization is dependent on the width of the axon
Where is an action potential in a membrane initiated?
At the Nodes of Ranvier
At the beginning of the axon
At the beginning of the cell body/soma
At the beginning of the dendrites
At the beginning of the axon
In terms of action potentials, _____ describes the steady state of the cell, as balanced by ion transfer across the membrane.
Retroactive membrane potential
Interactive membrane potential
Active membrane potential
Resting membrane potential
Resting membrane potential
Comparing two stimuli above an action potential threshold, the stronger stimulus will have _____ depolarization as/than the weaker stimulus.
The same
A somewhat greater
A greater
A weaker
The same
Which of the following is used to release neurotransmitters from the presynaptic cleft?
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
Osmosis
Diffusion
Exocytosis
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's are related to the accumulation of and/or malfunctioning:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Fatty acids
Proteins
In a chemical synapse, what form does the signal take when it is released from one neuron to the next?
Ion
Depolarization
Hyperpolarization
Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter
What happens to amino acid neurotransmitters after they are active in a stimulus transmission?
They are recycled and used again
They combine to form proteins
They are denatured and diffuse into the bloodstream
They are broken down into fatty acids
They are recycled and used again
What happens if there is no receptor protein for a neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic cleft?
The neurotransmitter is used as a hormone for the Endocrine system
The neurotransmitter gets broken down and moved into the bloodstream
The effect of the neurotransmitter is increased
The neurotransmitter has no physiological effect
The neurotransmitter has no physiological effect
Perfusion to the brain is maintained by the:
Circle of Willis
Pulmonary artery
Vena cava
Aorta
Circle of Willis
What is present in the ventricles of the brain that cushion it and protect it from injury, as well as provides nourishment to the brain?
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid
Blood
Lymphatic fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid
Which of the following is a normal result of moving from seated to orthostatic position?
Decreased heart rate but increased blood pressure
Decreased heart rate and blood pressure
No change in heart rate or blood pressure
Increased heart rate and blood pressure
Increased heart rate and blood pressure
A transient ischemic attack (TIA) results in:
Blood supply to a region is blocked but is later restored
Necrosis and complete loss of function of the extremities
The diaphragm does not cause negative pressure to build up in the thorax
Oxygen saturation goes above normal levels
Blood supply to a region is blocked but is later restored
The external and internal carotid arteries supply the _____ with oxygen-rich blood.
Diaphragm and peritoneum
Thoracic cavity
Neck and upper limbs
Cranium and brain
Cranium and brain
The protective membrane of the central nervous system is termed:
Peritoneum
Pericardium
Pleura
Meninges
Meninges
The dura mater is:
Thick connective tissue of the head and neck
The membrane surrounding the sacrum and coccyx
The thin, inner membrane of the central nervous system
The tough, outer covering of the brain
The tough, outer covering of the brain
What is the ultimate fate of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
It is reabsorbed into the blood system
It is stored in the spleen and recycled
It constantly circulates throughout the peripheral nervous system
It is broken down by the live
It is reabsorbed into the blood system
The involutions of the brain that increase its surface area are known as:
Pyloric and rugae
Villi and cilia
Endoplasmic and extracellular
Gyri and sulci
Gyri and Sulci
Pulsating movement of cerebrospinal fluid is due to:
Smooth muscle contractions of the internal organs
Skeletal muscle movement
The circulatory system and cardiac rhythm
Osmosis of CSF into the interstitial spaces
The circulatory system and cardiac rhythm
What is the cure for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's?
There is no cure because dead neurons cannot be replaced
Repression of sensory neurons by inhibitory proteins
Stimulation of motor axons by neurotransmitter supplements
Artificial stimulation of the spinal cord by exogenous electrical waves
There is no cure because dead neurons cannot be replaced
Somatosensations of the body are primarily associated with which cerebral lobe?
Parietal
Temporal
Frontal
Occipital
Parietal
The area of the cerebrum located dorsomedially is the:
Temporal lobe
Frontal lobe
Central lobe
Occipital lobe
Occipital lobe
The largest mass of the brain is composed of the:
Meninges
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
What is meant by “Brodmann's Areas”?
Mapped regions of the cerebral cortex with their functions
Specific locations in the cerebral medulla involved with memory
The area in the brain responsible for speech and learning languages
Receptor areas for the autonomic nervous system
Mapped regions of the cerebral cortex with their functions
The area of the brain most influential on the autonomic nervous system and endocrine secretions is the:
Medulla
Cerebellum
Hypothalamus
Brain stem
Hypothalamus
The brain stem is composed of the:
Diencephalon
Midbrain, pons, and medulla
Thalamus and hypothalamus
Cerebrum and cerebellum
Midbrain, pons, and medulla
The descending tracts of white matter carry _____ from the brain.
Somatosensory input
Temperature regulation
Motor commands
Pressure interpretations
Motor commands
The main connection between the cerebellum and the brain stem is the:
Medulla
Pons
Diencephalon
Cerebrum
Pons
Axons entering the dorsal nerve root of the vertebral column transmit signals from:
Sensory input
The ventral nerve root
Skeletal muscle
Motor neurons
Sensory input
Control of tongue movements is under the direction of which cranial nerve?
Abducens
Spinal accessory
Hypoglossal
Facial
Hypoglossal
The cranial nerve responsible for transmitting the sense of smell is:
Olfactory
Optic
Vagus
Trigeminal
Olfactory
The muscles involved in chewing (mastication) are controlled by which cranial nerve?
Facial
Trigeminal
Glossopharyngeal
Olfactory
Trigeminal
A ganglion is:
a neurotransmitter in chemical form
a group of neuron cell bodies in the periphery
a long axon running the length of the spinal cord
a neuron that innervates smooth muscle
a group of neuron cell bodies in the periphery
Hearing and balance are controlled by which cranial nerve?
Trochlear
Vestibulocochlear
Vagus
Trigeminal
Vestibulocochlear
How many cervical nerves are in the vertebral column?
15
8
12
4
8
A nerve plexus is:
Where dendrites of cranial nerves conjoin as a single cranial nerve
Where the ascending and descending tracts meet
An area of dense motor neurons
Where axons from different spinal nerves join as a systemic nerve
Where axons from different spinal nerves join as a systemic nerve
Anosmia is defined as:
Macular degeneration and vision loss
The interpretation of taste as “spicy”
Conductive hearing loss
The loss of the sense of smell
The loss of the sense of smell
Sciatica is a nerve disorder that is part of which plexus?
Brachial
Sacral
Cervical
Lumbar
Sacral
The sense of taste diminishes as we age, due to:
Decreased action of the hypoglossal cranial nerve
Head trauma and its resulting nerve damage
Loss of sensory neurons of the olfactory epithelium
Blockages of the paranasal cavity
Loss of sensory neurons of the olfactory epithelium
The central processing of sensory stimuli into a meaningful pattern is termed:
activation
interrelation
perception
Sensation
perception
Conscious perception and voluntary motor responses are under the direction of the:
Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Somatic nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
Somatic nervous system
Integration and association areas of the nervous system function to:
Match sensory neurons with motor neurons
Merge impulses from the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
Combine sensory perceptions with higher cognitive functions in order to produce a response
Interpret somatic and skeletal muscle actions
Combine sensory perceptions with higher cognitive functions in order to produce a response
Sensory stimuli result in:
Motor neuron activation
Somatic responses only
Autonomic responses only
Voluntary and involuntary responses
Voluntary and involuntary responses
Smooth muscle and glandular tissue in the digestive system are controlled by the:
Enteric nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
Central nervous system
Voluntary nervous system
Enteric nervous system