front 1 The Central nervous system is comprised of: Autonomic and cardiac innervation The brain and spinal cord Ascending tracts from the appendages to the brain Cranial and spinal nerves | back 1 The brain and spinal cord |
front 2 The term “gray matter,” as seen in the cortex of the brain, refers specifically to: Neural regions with many soma and dendrites Neural regions with many axons and dendrites Spinal regions with spinal nerves Cranial regions with cranial nerves | back 2 Neural regions with many soma and dendrites |
front 3 The function of myelin is to: Serve as a barrier to the neurons Protect the large surface area of dendrites Connect axons to soma Increase the speed of nervous transmissions | back 3 Increase the speed of nervous transmissions |
front 4 Which of the following shows the correct order of nervous transmission? Axon – soma – dendrite Dendrite – soma – axon Soma – dendrite – axon Dendrite – axon – soma | back 4 Dendrite – soma – axon |
front 5 Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease where _____ is mistakenly destroyed in the body. Phospholipids Neuroglia Myelin Bone tissue | back 5 Myelin |
front 6 The space between neurons that electrical signals must cross to continue nervous transmission is called a(n): Synapse Synergy Soma System | back 6 Synapse |
front 7 Extensions of the cell membranes of neurons are called: Neuroglia Axons Soma Processes | back 7 Processes |
front 8 What form do electrical depolarizations take in order to cross a synapse? Neuroglia Neurotransmitters Hormones Buffers | back 8 Neurotransmitters |
front 9 What is a multipolar cell? A soma with one process Ganglion with several axons A soma with one axon and multiple dendrites Multiple ganglia serving a multiple neurons | back 9 A soma with one axon and multiple dendrites |
front 10 What is meant by the “blood-brain barrier”? The meninges of the brain filtering out large proteins Facilitated diffusion of wastes out of the circulatory system A selectively permeable membrane between blood and the Central nervous system The exchange of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood in the lungs | back 10 A selectively permeable membrane between blood and the Central nervous system |
front 11 Which of the following function as myelin-generating structures? Axons Glial cells Nodes of Ranvier Lipocytes | back 11 Glial cells |
front 12 Which of the following cells has a similar function to macrophages of the Immune system? Oligodendrocytes Satellite cells Microglia Ependymal cells | back 12 Microglia |
front 13 The brainstem is composed of: Cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus Cerebellum, medulla, hypothalamus Midbrain, pons, medulla | back 13 Midbrain, pons, medulla |
front 14 What does the posterior portion of the neural tube become in the embryo? Spinal cord Brain Autonomic nerves Peripheral nerves | back 14 Spinal cord |
front 15 Where do the embryonic thalamus and hypothalamus develop? Myelencephalon Telecephalon Diencephalon Mesencephalon | back 15 Diencephalon |
front 16 A zygote is a(n): Egg that has been fertilized by a sperm Embryo in the last week of development Sperm cell that has reached the uterus Egg outside of the fallopian tubes | back 16 Egg that has been fertilized by a sperm |
front 17 Nervous system tissue develops from which embryonic germ layer? Endoderm Ectoderm Exoderm Mesoderm | back 17 Ectoderm |
front 18 The hollow center of the embryonic neural tube develops into the: Spinal cord nerves Brainstem Ventricles of the brain Peripheral nervous system | back 18 Ventricles of the brain |
front 19 In the Peripheral nervous system, a cluster of soma is called a: Nucleus Ganglion Neuron Astrocyte | back 19 Ganglion |
front 20 Receptors that can relay the sense of hot and cold are termed: Nociceptors Mechanoreceptors Esthesioreceptors Thermoreceptors | back 20 Thermoreceptors |
front 21 A threshold is: The amount of stimulus needed to generate an action potential The number of sensory receptors needed to create an impulse The number of neurons that can innervate a muscle The neuromuscular junction of a sensory neuron and skeletal muscle | back 21 The amount of stimulus needed to generate an action potential |
front 22 What happens to a neurotransmitter that crosses a synapse to a subsequent neuron? It denatures into amino acids It binds to a receptor protein of the target neuron It jumps to the axon of the next neuron via myelin It enters a resting state in the postsynaptic cleft | back 22 It binds to a receptor protein of the target neuron |
front 23 Movement of an action potential along an axon is termed: Propagation Node movement Cultivation Development | back 23 Propagation |
front 24 The part of the brain that acts as a relay for sensory information is the: Cerebellum Thalamus Cerebrum Hypothalamus | back 24 Thalamus |
front 25 Conscious perception of a sensory stimulus is accomplished by which part of the brain? Cerebellum Cerebral cortex Diencephalon Medulla | back 25 Cerebral cortex |
front 26 The selective permeability of the cell membrane means that: Water is actively transported across the membrane Only proteins can enter the cell Only certain substances can cross into or out of the cell Only waste products can leave the cell | back 26 Only certain substances can cross into or out of the cell |
front 27 An ion is a(n): Membrane potential in the sarcolemma Electrically charged particle Covalently bonded Hydrogen atom Lipid-based macromolecule | back 27 Electrically charged particle |
front 28 Thermoreceptors and mechanoreceptors have _____ gated ion channels. Mechanically Chemically Ligand Size-restricted | back 28 Mechanically |
front 29 The sodium-potassium pump moves ions against their concentration gradient, meaning that: Lipids must bond to the ions before moving through the membrane ATP is required as a source of energy The concentration of ions outside the cell is equal to those inside Ions are hydrophobic | back 29 ATP is required as a source of energy |
front 30 Regarding membrane transport, “size exclusion” means that: Proteins are limited in size due to the number of amino acids available The size of the proteins in the membrane can grow to any size The pores of ion channels determine the mass of the molecules that can pass through The nucleus can only accept water via diffusion | back 30 The pores of ion channels determine the mass of the molecules that can pass through |
front 31 A resting membrane voltage can be measured at approximately: -800 V -70 mV 100 V 30 mV | back 31 -70 mV |
front 32 Resistance in terms of electrical propagation along a neuron is due to: The number of dendrites present determines the rate of propagation The speed of a depolarization is dependent on the width of the axon The charge of the cell body slows the speed of depolarization from the dendrites Longer axons have faster depolarizations than shorter on | back 32 The speed of a depolarization is dependent on the width of the axon |
front 33 Where is an action potential in a membrane initiated? At the Nodes of Ranvier At the beginning of the axon At the beginning of the cell body/soma At the beginning of the dendrites | back 33 At the beginning of the axon |
front 34 In terms of action potentials, _____ describes the steady state of the cell, as balanced by ion transfer across the membrane. Retroactive membrane potential Interactive membrane potential Active membrane potential Resting membrane potential | back 34 Resting membrane potential |
front 35 Comparing two stimuli above an action potential threshold, the stronger stimulus will have _____ depolarization as/than the weaker stimulus. The same A somewhat greater A greater A weaker | back 35 The same |
front 36 Which of the following is used to release neurotransmitters from the presynaptic cleft? Exocytosis Endocytosis Osmosis Diffusion | back 36 Exocytosis |
front 37 Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's are related to the accumulation of and/or malfunctioning: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Fatty acids | back 37 Proteins |
front 38 In a chemical synapse, what form does the signal take when it is released from one neuron to the next? Ion Depolarization Hyperpolarization Neurotransmitter | back 38 Neurotransmitter |
front 39 What happens to amino acid neurotransmitters after they are active in a stimulus transmission? They are recycled and used again They combine to form proteins They are denatured and diffuse into the bloodstream They are broken down into fatty acids | back 39 They are recycled and used again |
front 40 What happens if there is no receptor protein for a neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic cleft? The neurotransmitter is used as a hormone for the Endocrine system The neurotransmitter gets broken down and moved into the bloodstream The effect of the neurotransmitter is increased The neurotransmitter has no physiological effect | back 40 The neurotransmitter has no physiological effect |
front 41 Perfusion to the brain is maintained by the: Circle of Willis Pulmonary artery Vena cava Aorta | back 41 Circle of Willis |
front 42 What is present in the ventricles of the brain that cushion it and protect it from injury, as well as provides nourishment to the brain? Meninges Cerebrospinal fluid Blood Lymphatic fluid | back 42 Cerebrospinal fluid |
front 43 Which of the following is a normal result of moving from seated to orthostatic position? Decreased heart rate but increased blood pressure Decreased heart rate and blood pressure No change in heart rate or blood pressure Increased heart rate and blood pressure | back 43 Increased heart rate and blood pressure |
front 44 A transient ischemic attack (TIA) results in: Blood supply to a region is blocked but is later restored Necrosis and complete loss of function of the extremities The diaphragm does not cause negative pressure to build up in the thorax Oxygen saturation goes above normal levels | back 44 Blood supply to a region is blocked but is later restored |
front 45 The external and internal carotid arteries supply the _____ with oxygen-rich blood. Diaphragm and peritoneum Thoracic cavity Neck and upper limbs Cranium and brain | back 45 Cranium and brain |
front 46 The protective membrane of the central nervous system is termed: Peritoneum Pericardium Pleura Meninges | back 46 Meninges |
front 47 The dura mater is: Thick connective tissue of the head and neck The membrane surrounding the sacrum and coccyx The thin, inner membrane of the central nervous system The tough, outer covering of the brain | back 47 The tough, outer covering of the brain |
front 48 What is the ultimate fate of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? It is reabsorbed into the blood system It is stored in the spleen and recycled It constantly circulates throughout the peripheral nervous system It is broken down by the live | back 48 It is reabsorbed into the blood system |
front 49 The involutions of the brain that increase its surface area are known as: Pyloric and rugae Villi and cilia Endoplasmic and extracellular Gyri and sulci | back 49 Gyri and Sulci |
front 50 Pulsating movement of cerebrospinal fluid is due to: Smooth muscle contractions of the internal organs Skeletal muscle movement The circulatory system and cardiac rhythm Osmosis of CSF into the interstitial spaces | back 50 The circulatory system and cardiac rhythm |
front 51 What is the cure for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's? There is no cure because dead neurons cannot be replaced Repression of sensory neurons by inhibitory proteins Stimulation of motor axons by neurotransmitter supplements Artificial stimulation of the spinal cord by exogenous electrical waves | back 51 There is no cure because dead neurons cannot be replaced |
front 52 Somatosensations of the body are primarily associated with which cerebral lobe? Parietal Temporal Frontal Occipital | back 52 Parietal |
front 53 The area of the cerebrum located dorsomedially is the: Temporal lobe Frontal lobe Central lobe Occipital lobe | back 53 Occipital lobe |
front 54 The largest mass of the brain is composed of the: Meninges Cerebrum Diencephalon Cerebellum | back 54 Cerebrum |
front 55 What is meant by “Brodmann's Areas”? Mapped regions of the cerebral cortex with their functions Specific locations in the cerebral medulla involved with memory The area in the brain responsible for speech and learning languages Receptor areas for the autonomic nervous system | back 55 Mapped regions of the cerebral cortex with their functions |
front 56 The area of the brain most influential on the autonomic nervous system and endocrine secretions is the: Medulla Cerebellum Hypothalamus Brain stem | back 56 Hypothalamus |
front 57 The brain stem is composed of the: Diencephalon Midbrain, pons, and medulla Thalamus and hypothalamus Cerebrum and cerebellum | back 57 Midbrain, pons, and medulla |
front 58 The descending tracts of white matter carry _____ from the brain. Somatosensory input Temperature regulation Motor commands Pressure interpretations | back 58 Motor commands |
front 59 The main connection between the cerebellum and the brain stem is the: Medulla Pons Diencephalon Cerebrum | back 59 Pons |
front 60 Axons entering the dorsal nerve root of the vertebral column transmit signals from: Sensory input The ventral nerve root Skeletal muscle Motor neurons | back 60 Sensory input |
front 61 Control of tongue movements is under the direction of which cranial nerve? Abducens Spinal accessory Hypoglossal Facial | back 61 Hypoglossal |
front 62 The cranial nerve responsible for transmitting the sense of smell is: Olfactory Optic Vagus Trigeminal | back 62 Olfactory |
front 63 The muscles involved in chewing (mastication) are controlled by which cranial nerve? Facial Trigeminal Glossopharyngeal Olfactory | back 63 Trigeminal |
front 64 A ganglion is: a neurotransmitter in chemical form a group of neuron cell bodies in the periphery a long axon running the length of the spinal cord a neuron that innervates smooth muscle | back 64 a group of neuron cell bodies in the periphery |
front 65 Hearing and balance are controlled by which cranial nerve? Trochlear Vestibulocochlear Vagus Trigeminal | back 65 Vestibulocochlear |
front 66 How many cervical nerves are in the vertebral column? 15 8 12 4 | back 66 8 |
front 67 A nerve plexus is: Where dendrites of cranial nerves conjoin as a single cranial nerve Where the ascending and descending tracts meet An area of dense motor neurons Where axons from different spinal nerves join as a systemic nerve | back 67 Where axons from different spinal nerves join as a systemic nerve |
front 68 Anosmia is defined as: Macular degeneration and vision loss The interpretation of taste as “spicy” Conductive hearing loss The loss of the sense of smell | back 68 The loss of the sense of smell |
front 69 Sciatica is a nerve disorder that is part of which plexus? Brachial Sacral Cervical Lumbar | back 69 Sacral |
front 70 The sense of taste diminishes as we age, due to: Decreased action of the hypoglossal cranial nerve Head trauma and its resulting nerve damage Loss of sensory neurons of the olfactory epithelium Blockages of the paranasal cavity | back 70 Loss of sensory neurons of the olfactory epithelium |
front 71 The central processing of sensory stimuli into a meaningful pattern is termed: activation interrelation perception Sensation | back 71 perception |
front 72 Conscious perception and voluntary motor responses are under the direction of the: Autonomic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system Somatic nervous system Peripheral nervous system | back 72 Somatic nervous system |
front 73 Integration and association areas of the nervous system function to: Match sensory neurons with motor neurons Merge impulses from the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems Combine sensory perceptions with higher cognitive functions in order to produce a response Interpret somatic and skeletal muscle actions | back 73 Combine sensory perceptions with higher cognitive functions in order to produce a response |
front 74 Sensory stimuli result in: Motor neuron activation Somatic responses only Autonomic responses only Voluntary and involuntary responses | back 74 Voluntary and involuntary responses |
front 75 Smooth muscle and glandular tissue in the digestive system are controlled by the: Enteric nervous system Peripheral nervous system Central nervous system Voluntary nervous system | back 75 Enteric nervous system |