LAB Exam: BIO MO2A Flashcards

a variable (often denoted by x) whose variation does not depend on that of another; aka the experimental condition

a variable (often denoted by y) whose value depends on that of another. Also called response variable; aka what is being measured

measures how acidic or basic a solution is; ranges from 0 to 14

any pH value below 7; a substance that releases or causes the release of hydrogen ions (H+) into a solution

any pH value above 7; a substances that removes H+ from a solution

made of anthocyanins; is a pH indicator

- the color of the cabbage extract depends on the Ph of the solution

pH 2 = red

pH 4 = pink

pH 6 = purple

pH 7 = violet

pH 8 = blue

pH 10 = grey/green

pH 12 = green

are pigments responsible for red, blue, and purple colors in flowers, fruits, and autumn leaves. These pigments will change when the pH changes

demonstrates the acidity of hydrochloric acid and the alkalinity of sodium hydroxide; is an indicator dye

1. Red = neutral;

2. pink = basic;

3. yellow = acidic

is a solution whose pH resists change on addition of small amounts of either an acid or a base; can either by a weak acid w/ a conjugate base or a weak base w/ a conjugate acid

is the amount of a strong acid or base that has to be added to 1 liter of buffer to a cause a PH change of 1.0 pH unit

contains the variable for which you are testing; it will react positively and demonstrate the test's ability to detect what you expect

does not contain the variable for which you are testing; generally contains just the solvent and does not react in the test

Ex: distilled water w/o solute

identifies reducing sugar based on their ability to reduce the cupric (Cu2+) ions to cuprous oxide at basic (high) pH

- cupric oxide is green to reddish orange

1. a green solution indicates a small amount of reducing sugar

2. reddish orange indicates an abidance of reducing sugars

3. non-reducing sugars produce n change in color

distinguishes starch from monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other polysaccharides

1. positive test! iodine reacts w/ the starch (child polymer of glucose) and becomes bluish black

2. negative test! iodine does not react w/ carbohydrates that are not coiled and remains yellowish brown

3. glycogen has a slightly different structure than does starch and produces only an intermediate color change

a peptide bond forms between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of an adjacent amino acid; the reagent is a 1% solution of copper sulfate

- the peptide bond can be identified by this test

1. positive result! Peptide bonds (C-N bonds) in protein complex w/ Cu2+ in biuret reagent and produce a violet color

(the intensity of the violet color correlates w/ the amount of peptide bonds present in the test solution)

2. a negative test for proteins is indicated by no color change

based on a lipid's solubility characteristics in polar solvents, and their ability to produce translucent grease-marks on unglazed paper

1. unsaturated fatty acids aka oils; contains double bonds

2. saturated fatty acids; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized

are eukaryotes and single-celled animals that catch food and move about by extending fingerlike projections of protoplasm; can either be free-living in damp environments or parasitic

are unicellular ports that are ciliated and found in fresh and salt water

are single-celled protists that are flagellated and commonly found in the gut of termites

a cell membrane that allows only certain items such as water to pass freely through; regulates the movement of other solutes

can be fedinef as the movement of molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached

is the movement of a solvent across a selectively permeable membrane from a low solute contraction to a region of high solute concentration

more solutes inside, so water comes in

- preferred condition of plants (normal)

- animal cells would burst (lysed)

both sides of the membrane have the same amount of solutes, so no change; solutions are in equilibrium

- good for animal cells

- plants cells are flacid

more solutes outside, so water goes out

- animals cells are shriveled

- plants cells are plasmolyzed

nonprotein substances, bind to the active site on the enzyme and are essential for the enzyme to work

an enzyme that breaks down cellulose to glucose by biding the substrate cellobiose to cellobiase to produce glucose molecules

process only used by plants, algae, and cyanobacteria; captures energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical compounds that every organisms uses to power its metabolism (also a source of oxygen necessary for many living organisms)

organisms that use light to make their own food; include plants, algae, and cyanobacteria

rely on the sugars produced by photosynthetic organisms for their energy needs include animals, fungi, and most bacteria

6CO2 + 6H20 + energy --- C6H12O6 + 602

can differentiate which wavelengths of light a substance can absorb; measure transmitted light and compute from it the absorption

used to separate pigments based on their polarity

- carotenoid is the least polar (was not on the paper at all)

- chlorophyll b was the most polar (was the most prevalent on the paper)

reflect green light waves; found inside the chloroplast; contributes to photosynthesis; may break down in the fall

(absorbs red and blue)

reflect red or purple light waves; is produced when chlorophyll starts to break down in the fall

reflect orange light waves; present in plant cells, but usually overpowered by green chlorophyll; become visible/turn leaves orange when chlorophlll breaks down in the fall

(absorbed blue and green)

reflect yellow light waves; present in plant cells, but usually overpowered by green chlorophyl; become visible/turn leaves yellow when chlorophlll breaks down in the fall

somatic cells only; produces 2 identical daughter cells; NO crossing over; only 1 cycle

gametes only; produces 4 different daughter cells; crossing over for variation; 2 cycles

the condition in heterozygote individuals where their phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes

genes do not influence each other w/ regards to sorting out alleles into gametes; every possible combination of alleles is equally likely to occur

paired unit factors (genes) segregate equally into gametes such that offspring have an equal likelihood of inheriting any combination of factors

the physical expression of the genes possessed by an organism

a listing of the genes of an organism, whether or not the genes are expressed