Nephrotic syndrome does not usually cause
hematuria
The most common sign/symptom of renal calculi is
pain
The most common type of renal stone is
calcium
Hyperlipidemia occurs in nephrotic syndrome because
hepatocytes synthesize excessive lipids
The consequence of an upper urinary tract obstruction in a single ureter is
hydronephrosis
It is true that polycystic kidney disease is
genetically transmitted
The urea-splitting bacteria (proteus, klebsiella, & pseudomonas) contribute to the formation of _________ kidney stones.
Struvite
the major cause of glomerulonephritis is
immune system damage to the glomeruli
Risk factors for renal carcinoma include (select all that apply)
-genetics
-cigarette smoking
-obesity
-chemicals
The manifestations of acute pyelonephritis (select all that apply)
-can result in dehydration
-often include symptoms of lower urinary tract infection
-include fever. chills, and costovertebral angle tenderness
-may include urosepsis
The oliguric phase of acute tubular necrosis is characterized by
fluid excess and electrolyte imbalance
A patient with renal disease is at risk for developing uremia as the nephrons progressively deteriorate because
GFR declines
Appropriate therapy for prerenal kidney injury includes
fluid administration
The most helpful laboratory value in monitoring the progression of declining renal function is
serum creatinine
The patient most at risk for the post-renal acute kidney injury is a(n)
elderly patient with hypertrophy of the prostate
Renal insufficiency occurs when ________ of the nephrons are not functional
75%-90%
Detrusor muscle overactivity can be improved by administration of
botulinum toxin
Pelvic floor muscle training is appropriate for
urge incontinence
The most frequent initial symptom of bladder cancer is
hematuria
The direct cause of stress incontinence is
pelvic muscle weakness
Which group is at the highest risk for urinary tract infection?
sexually active women / women, babies, and older people
The normal post-void residual urine in the bladder is
less than 100mL
The greatest risk factor for bladder cancer is
smoking
Vesicoureteral reflux is associated with
recurrent cystitis / UTI
Urge incontinence is often due to (select all that apply)
-drinking too much alcohol or caffeine
-neurological disorder
-diabetes
-infection
Characteristics of vesicoureteral reflux in children include (select all that apply)
-recurrent UTI
-voiding dysfunction
-renal insufficiency
-hypertension
-possibly being genetic in nature
Cystitis symptoms include (select all that apply)
-suprapubic pain
-dysuria
-fever
Phimosis is a disorder of the penis characterized by
inability to retract the foreskin
A patient presenting with a urethral stricture may experience (select all that apply)
-decreased urinary stream
-urethral discharge
-bladder infection
-urine retention
Sexual impotence is rarely due to
primary causes
Cryptorchidism is
a congenital disorder in which one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum
The most common cause of urinary obstruction in male newborns and infants is
urethral valve abnormalities
The condition in which the urethra opens on the dorsal aspect of the penis is known as
epispadias
The prognosis of penile carcinoma depends upon the ______ of the disease.
stage
Uterine prolapse is caused by a relaxation of the
cardinal ligaments
Endometriosis is a condition in which
endometrial tissue from the uterus becomes embedded outside the uterus
Absence of menstruation is called
amenorrhea
It is true that fibrocystic breast disease
may be exacerbated by methylxanthines
A breast lump that is painless, hard, and unmoving is most likely
a carcinoma
The most common types of uterine tumors are known as
leiomyomas