1
Non-synonymous mutation
changes AA sequence
2
%
75% non coding
1.5% exons, 98.5% non-coding
3
Scala Naturae
"Natures Ladder" - every species its its own unique entity
4
Cladogram
shows relationship
5
Pladogram
shows relationships and rate of evolutionary change
6
Paraphyletic
ex. reptilia, leaves out one descendent: birds
7
Polyphyletic
leaves out multiple descendants
8
Polytomy
not enough data so 3 or more branches off of one node.
hard vs. soft