front 1 Non-synonymous mutation | back 1 changes AA sequence |
front 2 % | back 2 75% non coding 1.5% exons, 98.5% non-coding |
front 3 Scala Naturae | back 3 "Natures Ladder" - every species its its own unique entity |
front 4 Cladogram | back 4 shows relationship |
front 5 Pladogram | back 5 shows relationships and rate of evolutionary change |
front 6 Paraphyletic | back 6 ex. reptilia, leaves out one descendent: birds |
front 7 Polyphyletic | back 7 leaves out multiple descendants |
front 8 Polytomy | back 8 not enough data so 3 or more branches off of one node. hard vs. soft |