Legionnaires disease is characterized by
presence of systemic illness.
When exposed to inhaled allergens, a patient with asthma produces large quantities of
IgE.
Which is indicative of a left tension pneumothorax?
Absent breath sounds on the left
Widespread atelectasis, non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, and diffuse, fluffy alveolar infiltrates on chest radiograph are characteristic of
acute respiratory distress syndrome.
To best prevent emphysema, a patient is instructed to stop smoking since cigarette smoke
impairs α1-antitrypsin, allowing elastase to predominate.
After evaluation, a child’s asthma is characterized as “extrinsic.” This means that the asthma is
associated with specific allergic triggers.
The increased anterior-posterior chest diameter associated with obstructive lung disease is caused by
increased residual lung volumes.
Which complication of asthma is life threatening?
Status asthmaticus
A restrictive respiratory disorder is characterized by
decreased residual volume.
Obstructive sleep apnea would most likely be found in a patient diagnosed with
Pickwickian syndrome.
A patient with a productive cough and parenchymal infiltrates on x-ray is demonstrating symptomology of
bacterial pneumonia.
Which assessment would support a diagnosis of type A COPD rather than type B COPD
Normal PaCO2, scant sputum, accessory muscle use, barrel chest
The characteristic x-ray findings in tuberculosis include
Ghon tubercles.
Airway obstruction in chronic bronchitis is because of
thick mucus, fibrosis, and smooth muscle hypertrophy.
Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space is called
pleural effusion.
Allergic (extrinsic) asthma is associated with
IgE-mediated airway inflammation.
A patient with flail chest will demonstrate
outward chest movement on expiration.
An increase in the resting membrane potential (hyperpolarized) is associated with
hypokalemia.
The assessment findings of a 5-year-old with a history of asthma include extreme shortness of breath, nasal flaring, coughing, pulsus paradoxus, and use of accessory respiratory muscles. There is no wheezing and the chest is silent in many areas. How should you interpret your assessment?
The child may be having such a severe asthma episode that the airways are closed, so start oxygen and get the doctor immediately.
Early manifestations of a developing metabolic acidosis include
headache.
The fraction of total body water (TBW) volume contained in the intracellular space in adults is
two thirds.
Clinical manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia include
muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias.
The ________ system compensates for metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.
respiratory
Effects of hypernatremia on the central nervous system typically include
confusion.
Hyperaldosteronism causes
ECV excess and hypokalemia.
Causes of hypomagnesemia include
chronic alcoholism.
A person who experiences a panic attack and develops hyperventilation symptoms may experience
numbness and tingling in the extremities.
Signs and symptoms of clinical dehydration include
decreased urine output.
Diarrhea causes
metabolic acidosis.
Signs and symptoms of extracellular fluid volume excess include
bounding pulse.
Two primary acid-base disorders that are present independently are referred to as
mixed acid-base imbalance.
The person at highest risk for developing hypernatremia is a person who
receives tube feedings because he or she is comatose after a stroke.
Total body water in older adults is
decreased because of increased adipose tissue and decreased muscle mass.
The finding of ketones in the blood suggests that a person may have
metabolic acidosis.
The imbalance that occurs with oliguric renal failure is
hyperkalemia.
Hypernatremia may be caused by
decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion.
A person who overuses magnesium-aluminum antacids for a long period of time is likely to develop
hypophosphatemia.
Which electrolyte imbalances cause increased neuromuscular excitability?
Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia
Causes of metabolic acidosis include
tissue anoxia.
Clinical manifestations of severe symptomatic hypophosphatemia are caused by
deficiency of ATP.
COPD leads to a barrel chest, because it causes
air trapping.
Copious amounts of foul-smelling sputum are generally associated with
bronchiectasis.
The hallmark manifestation of acute respiratory distress syndrome is
hypoxemia.
Emphysema results from destruction of alveolar walls and capillaries, which is because of
release of proteolytic enzymes from immune cells.
The hypersecretion of mucus resulting for chronic bronchitis is the result of
recurrent infection.
Individuals who have chronic bronchitis most often have
a productive cough.
Which clinical manifestation is not likely the result of a tuberculosis infection?
Cyanosis
Chronic bronchitis often leads to cor pulmonale because of
increased pulmonary vascular resistance.
When a client diagnosed with COPD type A asks, “Why is my chest so big and round?”, the nurse responds that
“Loss of elastic tissue in your lungs allows your airways to close and trap air, which makes your chest round.”
Viral pneumonia is characterized by
a dry cough.
Abnormalities in intracellular regulation of enzyme activity and cellular production of ATP are associated with
hypophosphatemia.
Metabolic alkalosis is often accompanied by
hypokalemia.
The organism that causes pulmonary tuberculosis is
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Bacterial pneumonia leads to hypoxemia caused by
accumulation of alveolar exudates.
Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia include
confusion, lethargy, coma, and perhaps seizures
When a parent asks how they will know if their 2-month-old baby, who is throwing up and has frequent diarrhea, is dehydrated, the nurse’s best response is
“If the soft spot on the top of his head feels sunken in and his mouth is dry between his cheek and his gums, then he is probably dehydrated.”
The process responsible for distribution of fluid between the interstitial and intracellular compartments is
osmosis.
A person who has hyperparathyroidism is likely to develop
hypercalcemia.
Two primary acid-base disorders that are present independently are referred to as
mixed acid-base imbalance.
What age group has a larger volume of extracellular fluid than intracellular fluid?
Infants.
Manifestations from sodium imbalances occur primarily as a result of
cellular fluid shifts.
A known cause of hypokalemia is
insulin overdose.
Clinical manifestations of extracellular fluid volume deficit include
weak pulse, low blood pressure, and increased heart rate.
The inward-pulling force of particles in the vascular fluid is called _____ pressure.
capillary osmotic
Which change in a patient’s assessment has the greatest urgency?
Serum potassium concentration is increasing; has developed cardiac dysrhythmias, but denies any difficulty breathing
Diarrhea and other lower intestinal fluid losses will contribute to
metabolic acidosis.
Which acid are the kidneys unable to excrete?
Carbonic
The electrolyte that has a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid is _____ ions.
sodium
How is a patient hospitalized with a malignant tumor that secretes parathyroid hormone–related peptide monitored for the resulting electrolyte imbalance?
Serum calcium, bowel function, level of consciousness