pathophysiology midterm Flashcards

1. A case study!!! A patient e exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus developed a pharyngeal infection. Clinic examination: oral temperature of 102.3°F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. Complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of disease is….WHAT?

1. After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of ????

A disease that is native to a particular region is called…????

Your patient’s red blood cell count is slightly elevated today. This might be explained by ( all that apply.)

When determining additional data to gather before making a diagnosis, what factors need to be considered? (All that apply.)

Selye’s three phases of the stress response include all the following except….NICE!!!!

The effects of excessive cortisol production include…..WHAT

Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in WHAT?

Aldosterone may increase during stress, leading to (All that apply.)

Chronic activation of stress hormones can lead to (All that apply.)

Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular…..What ?

Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces …What kind of necrosis.

Reperfusion injury to cells…How?

Bacteria cause injury to cells by which mechanisms? (All that apply.)

Viruses differ from most bacteria in that they act in which of the following ways? (All that apply.)

Infectious injury often results from which of the following? (All that apply.)

Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene………is ?

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are known as…What ?

Tumor markers (All that apply.)

Side effects of chemotherapy include (All that apply.)

What roles does inflammation play in cancer development? (All that apply.)

Which viruses are associated with human cancers? (All that apply.)

Dramatic hypotension sometimes accompanies type I hypersensitivity reactions because???

RhoGAM is given to an Rh-negative mother in order to prevent…WHAT….EASY!!!

The principle Ig mediator of type I hypersensitivity reactions is…..WHAT?

Myasthenia gravis is a type II hypersensitivity disorder that involves…WHAT?

Secondary immune deficiency problems may be caused by what? (All that apply.)

Diseases due to type IV hypersensitivity? (All that apply.)

Which form of leukemia demonstrates the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome?

Burkitt lymphoma is most closely associated with WHAT?

You as nurse educating a patient on a new diagnosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma you would provide which information in the teaching plan?

Which viruses have been implicated as cancer-causing agents? (All that apply.)

A patient with CML (chronic myeloid leukemia). The patient may experience which of these symptoms? (All that apply.)

A patient with stage III non-Hodgkin lymphoma and is preparing to undergo treatment. Which treatments may be used to treat this patient’s cancer? (All that apply.)

A patient with myeloma. The nurse teaches the patient about the multiple tumor sites that can develop with this cancer. The possible tumor sites in myeloma include the (All that apply.)

Which clinical findings describe the typical presentation of ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)? (All that apply.)

A low mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) are characteristic of which type of anemia?

The cause of the most common form of anemia is WHICH ONE?

You again as nurse is educating a patient about the disease with anemia of chronic renal failure . Which statements made by the nurse are correct regarding the patient’s treatment? (All that apply.)

Anemia related to vitamin B12 or folate deficiency is characterized by what laboratory features? (All that apply.)

Regarding iron-deficiency anemia, what laboratory features are typically decreased? (All that apply.)

One of the cardinal features of sickle cell anemia includes acute and chronic dysfunction of which organs? (All that apply.)

A newborn patient is diagnosed with hemolytic disease. The nurse may expect to find what signs and symptoms? (All that apply.)

Dysfunction of which organ would lead to clotting factor deficiency?

The prothrombin time (PT) and INR (international normalized ratio) measure the integrity of WHAT?

Disseminated intravascular coagulation may be treated with heparin therapy to..DO WHAT?

A newborn has melena, bleeding from the umbilicus, and hematuria. The newborn most likely experiencing WHAT?

What information about INR does the nurse understand?...nice question

What is involved in the release of plasminogen activators? (All that apply.)

Which involves bleeding associated with vascular or platelet defects? (All that apply.).

Risk factors for atherosclerosis include…..WHAT?

Which is not a manifestation of acute arterial obstruction?

A serious complication of deep vein thrombosis is???

Which is not considered to be a risk factor for thrombus formation?

Findings in compartment syndrome……

The pain characteristics of chronic venous insufficiency include which of the following? (All that apply.)

Which changes in the circulatory system occur in the older adult? (All that apply.)

What results when systemic blood pressure is increased?

A case study ….patient diagnosed with hypertension, returns to the clinic 6 weeks later. The reports “moderate” adherence to the recommended lifestyle changes and has experienced a decreased from 165/96 to 148/90 mm Hg in blood pressure. What is the most appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?

High blood pressure increases the workload of the left ventricle because it increases..?????

A patient presents to the emergency department with a diastolic blood pressure of 132 mm Hg, retinopathy, and symptoms of an ischemic stroke. This symptomology is likely the result of..WHAT??

The nurse understands that which is the correct description of a Korotkoff sound?

High blood pressure increases the risk of which conditions? (All that apply.)

Atherosclerosis puts a patient at risk for which of the following problems? (All that apply.)

. Orthostatic hypotension is a risk factor for which conditions? (All that apply.)

Primary treatment for myocardial infarction (MI) is directed at…….What ?

Patients presenting with symptoms of unstable angina and no ST segment elevation are treated with…..What?

Aortic regurgitation is associated with…what?

Angina caused by coronary artery spasm is called what kind of angina?

Atherosclerotic plaques with large lipid cores are prone to WHAT?

Acute coronary syndrome in the presence of thrombosis may present with which manifestations? All that apply.)

Diagnostic tests used to diagnose or confirm MI include which of the following? (All that apply.)

Hypertrophy of the right ventricle is a compensatory response to..WHAT

First-degree heart block is characterized by…WHAT

A patient with pure left-sided heart failure is likely to exhibit….WHAT

A patient is diagnosed with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). This patient is most likely described as a(n)…..WHAT

Right-sided heart failure is usually a consequence of which conditions? (All that apply.)

Massive release of histamine with consequent vasodilation and hypotension occurs with what type of shock?

Which causes of shock are considered to be obstructive? (All that apply.)

A patient experiencing shock may exhibit which signs and symptoms? (All that apply.)

The urinary signs and symptoms of acute renal failure associated with the progressive stage of shock are which of the following? (All that apply.)

A patient experiences anaphylactic shock. The nurse expects to observe which signs and symptoms in the patient? (All that apply.)

Septic shock is commonly associated with Gram-negative infections and Gram-positive organisms that enter the body through which body systems? (All that apply.)

. Allergic (extrinsic) asthma is associated with..What?

Emphysema results from destruction of alveolar walls and capillaries, which is because of?

Chronic bronchitis often leads to cor pulmonale because of?

Cystic fibrosis is associated with..WHAT?

Croup is characterized by…..WHAT?

COPD leads to a barrel chest, because it causes…to WHAT?

Which of the following are characteristics of asthma? (All that apply.)

The hallmark manifestation of acute respiratory distress syndrome is…WHAT?

Empyema is defined as an??????

Pneumocystis is a term that refers to a….WHAT?

Bacterial pneumonia leads to hypoxemia caused by…..WHAT??

A common characteristic of viral pneumonia is…..WHAT?

Which alteration can lead to edema?

Hypernatremia may be caused by Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia include

Clinical manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia include

A patient has a positive Chvostek sign. The nurse interprets this as a sign of

Which acid are the kidneys unable to excrete?

Vomiting of stomach contents or continuous nasogastric suctioning may predispose to development of

Respiratory acidosis may be caused by

diarrhea causes what

Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis would result in What?

A patient is diagnosed with starvation ketoacidosis. What signs and symptoms should you anticipate in your assessment?