What are the 2 types of cells?
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic
What does eukaryotic mean?
have true, membrane bound nuclei
What does prokaryotic mean?
before having a nucleus
What are some traits of eukaryotic cells?
-membrane bound nucleus
-linear chromosomes
-contain organelles
-10x larger than prokaryotic cells
What are some examples of eukaryotic cells?
Animals, plants, fungi, protist
What are some traits of prokaryotic cells?
-no membrane bound nucleus
-DNA is confined to a nucleoid region
-DNA is circular
What are some examples of prokaryotic cells?
Most are bacteria
What does morphology mean?
The shape and form of an organism
What are the 3 shapes of bacteria?
cocci, baccili, and spirilla
What is cocci?
round
What is baccili?
rod-shaped
What is spirilla?
Spiral
How do you look at the shape of a bacteria?
Using a light microscope with oil immersion
What are the 3 bacterial arrangements?
1. staphylo-
2. diplo-
3. strepto-
What is staphylo-
clusters
what is diplo-
pairs
What is strepto-
string like chains
What color does gram negative stain?
red
What color does gram positive stain?
violet (purple)
What do gram positive bacteria have?
-A multilayered network of amino acids that form a cell wall.
-20-40 layers of peptidoglycan
-cell walls are 50 nm thick
What do gram negative bacteria have?
-Much thinnner walls of peptidoglycan
-Cell walls are covered by outer membrane of lipid and protein(gram stain cannot penetrate this layer)
-LPS (in the outer membrane)
Which gram test is harder to treat?
Gram negative because of the outer membrane
What is a cyanobacteria?
a photosynthetic prokaryote that contains chlorophyll a. They have a filamentous shape
Where is the chlorophyll a found?
Throughout the cytoplasm in the thylakoid membrane
What is a streak plate?
allow discrete colonies to be isolated (colonies that are produced
from the replication of
a single bacterium)
What is a slide plate?
quantify bacteria present by creating an even lawn of growth
What is the nucleoid?
he fibrous region in the center of a prokaryotic cell which contains the genetic material of the cell (i.e. DNA)
What is a ribosome?
granular bodies throughout the cytoplasm; responsible for protein translation
What is the cell membrane?
a selectively permeable lipid bi-layer found in all cells.
What is the cell wall?
a thicker more rigid structure, which contains peptidoglycan, a polymer of amino sugars and other polymers in some species; not selectively permeable.
What is the capsule?
a layer of ‘slime’ outside the cell wall that forms a polysaccharide capsule; keeps cell hydrated; shields bacterium from host organisms’ immune system
What is a mesosome?
whorls of membranous material that extend inward from the cell membrane; function is not well understood; may play a role in cell division or energy production
What is a flagella?
threadlike organelles used in locomotion, composed of the protein flagellin
What are the parts of a eukaryotic cell?
Golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum, and the mitchondria
What is a vacule?
Stores water, pigment, and waste in plants
What are plastids?
Speacialized organelles in plants that helps with photosynthesis.
Plant and animal cells are made up of molecules that are what?
In constant (random) motion
What is random motion?
bumping into one another and bouncing off another in a different direction.
What is diffusion?
Random movement of molecules and does not require energy.
True or false diffusion is more rapid in liquid and gasses than in solids
true
How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?
Molecules move faster in high tempature
What is osmosis?
A special form of diffusion. When 2 solutions of different concentrations on opposite sides of a semi-permeable membrane.
What is solvent?
the substance that dissolves the solute (ex: water)
What is a solute?
Something that is dissolved in a solution
What is chemical potential?
the measure of free energy to move one mole of a molecule.
What is water potential?
The potential energy of water in a system compared to pure water at constant temp and pressure.
What happens to water in osmosis?
It moves across the membrane towards a high solute concentration where the water potential is lower.
The transport of water is described as...
a passive or active process
What is passive transport?
The movement of a solute diffusing down a concentration gradient or moving across a semi-permeable membrane. (Ex: osmosis and diffusion)
What is active transport?
requires energy and allows molecules to move against their concentration gradient.
True or false this experiment must be performed in the fume hood because the substances are poisonous.
True