An erroneously low blood pressure measurement may be caused by
positioning the arm above the heart level.
Pulse pressure is defined as
systolic pressure – diastolic pressure.
The majority of cardiac cells that die after myocardial infarction do so because of
apoptosis
Patent ductus arteriosus is accurately described as a(n)
communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery.
Which serum biomarker(s) are indicative of irreversible damage to myocardial cells?
Elevated CK-MB, troponin I, and troponin T
What results when systemic blood pressure is increased?
Vasoconstriction
Patients presenting with symptoms of unstable angina and no ST segment elevation are treated with
antiplatelet drugs.
Which finding is indicative of orthostatic hypotension in a person with a supine blood pressure (BP) of 110/70 and a heart rate (HR) of 100?
Sitting BP 88/60, HR 118
A middle-aged patient has a follow up visit for a recorded blood pressure of 162/96 mm Hg taken 3 weeks ago. The patient has no significant past medical history and takes no medications, but smokes 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes per day, drinks alcohol regularly, and exercises infrequently. The patient is about 40 lbs. overweight and admits to a high-fat, high-calorie diet. At the office visit today, the patient’s blood pressure is 150/92 mm Hg. What is the least appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?
Begin antihypertensive drug therapy.
Which blood pressure reading is considered to be indicative of prehypertension according to the JNC-7 criteria?
128/82
Hypertension with a specific, identifiable cause is known as _____ hypertension.
secondary
A patient is diagnosed with cardiogenic shock. The patient is hyperventilating and is therefore at risk for the respiratory complication of respiratory acidosis.
False
Angina caused by coronary artery spasm is called _____ angin
Prinzmetal variant
Rheumatic heart disease is most often a consequence of
β-hemolytic streptococcal infection.
Primary treatment for myocardial infarction (MI) is directed at
decreasing myocardial oxygen demands.
A patient with significant aortic stenosis is likely to experience
syncope
Critically ill patients may have parenterally administered vasoactive drugs that are adjusted according to their _____ pressure.
mean arterial
An example of an acyanotic heart defect is
ventricular septal defect.
New-organ damage is a function of both the stage of hypertension and its duration.
False
After being diagnosed with hypertension, a patient returns to the clinic 6 weeks later. The patient reports “moderate” adherence to the recommended lifestyle changes and has experienced a decreased from 165/96 to 148/90 mm Hg in blood pressure. What is the most appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?
Continue lifestyle modifications only.
Beta-blockers are advocated in the management of heart failure because they
reduce cardiac output.
The therapy that most directly improves cardiac contractility in a patient with systolic heart failure is
digitalis
Administration of which therapy is most appropriate for hypovolemic shock?
Crystalloids
In contrast to all other types of shock, the hyperdynamic phase of septic shock is associated with
high cardiac output
Massive release of histamine with consequent vasodilation and hypotension occurs with what type of shock?
Anaphylactic
Lusitropic impairment refers to
impaired diastolic relaxation.
Tachycardia is an early sign of low cardiac output that occurs because of
baroreceptor activity.
Patients with structural evidence of heart failure who exhibit no signs or symptoms are classified into which New York Heart Association heart failure class?
Class I
A patient who was involved in a fall from a tree becomes short of breath. The lung sounds are absent on one side. This patient is experiencing ________ shock.
Obstructive
Increased preload of the cardiac chambers may lead to which patient symptom?
Edema
Administration of a vasodilator to a patient in shock would be expected to
decrease left ventricular afterload.
A type of shock that includes brain trauma that results in depression of the vasomotor center is cardiogenic.
False
Overproduction of nitric oxide is an important aspect of the pathophysiologic process of what type of shock?
Septic
A patient with pure left-sided heart failure is likely to exhibit
pulmonary congestion with dyspnea.
A patient with cold and edematous extremities, low cardiac output, and profound hypotension is likely to be experiencing a progressive stage of ________ shoc
septic
In which dysrhythmias should treatment be instituted immediately?
Atrial fibrillation with a ventricular rate of 220 beats/minute
Improvement in a patient with septic shock is indicated by an increase in
systemic vascular resistance.
The effect of nitric oxide on systemic arterioles is
vasodilation
The majority of cases of anaphylactic shock occur when a sensitized individual comes in contact with
antibiotics
Cardiogenic shock is characterized by
reduced cardiac output.