A patient presents to the emergency department with a diastolic blood pressure of 132 mm Hg, retinopathy, and symptoms of an ischemic stroke. This symptomology is likely the result of
hypertensive crisis.
While hospitalized, an elderly patient with a history of myocardial infarction was noted to have high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). What is the significance of this finding?
Increased LDL levels are associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.
Mitral stenosis is associated with
a pressure gradient across the mitral valve.
Critically ill patients may have parenterally administered vasoactive drugs that are adjusted according to their _____ pressure.
mean arterial
An erroneously low blood pressure measurement may be caused by
positioning the arm above the heart level.
New-organ damage is a function of both the stage of hypertension and its duration.
False
Which blood pressure reading is considered to be indicative of prehypertension according to the JNC-7 criteria?
128/82
Hypotension, distended neck veins, and muffled heart sounds are classic manifestations of
Cardiac Tamponade
A patient with a history of myocardial infarction continues to complain of intermittent chest pain brought on by exertion and relieved by rest. The likely cause of this pain is
stable angina
High blood pressure increases the workload of the left ventricle, because it increases
afterload
A middle-aged patient has a follow up visit for a recorded blood pressure of 162/96 mm Hg taken 3 weeks ago. The patient has no significant past medical history and takes no medications, but smokes 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes per day, drinks alcohol regularly, and exercises infrequently. The patient is about 40 lbs. overweight and admits to a high-fat, high-calorie diet. At the office visit today, the patient’s blood pressure is 150/92 mm Hg. What is the least appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?
Begin antihypertensive drug therapy.
The majority of cardiac cells that die after myocardial infarction do so because of
apoptosis
Primary treatment for myocardial infarction (MI) is directed at
decreasing myocardial oxygen demands.
Rheumatic heart disease is most often a consequence of
β-hemolytic streptococcal infection.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the
conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
What results when systemic blood pressure is increased?
Vasoconstriction
Atherosclerotic plaques with large lipid cores are prone to
rupture
A loud pansystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla is most likely a result of
mitral regurgitation
An example of an acyanotic heart defect is
ventricular septal defect
Which serum biomarker(s) are indicative of irreversible damage to myocardial cells?
Elevated CK-MB, troponin I, and troponin T
Second-degree heart block type I (Wenckebach) is characterized by
lengthening PR intervals and dropped P wave.
The majority of cases of anaphylactic shock occur when a sensitized individual comes in contact with
antibiotics
The common denominator in all forms of heart failure is
reduced cardiac output
In which stage of shock is a patient who has lost 1200 mL of blood, who has normal blood pressure when supine, but who experiences orthostatic hypotension upon standing?
Class II, Compensated Stage
Sepsis has been recently redefined as
a systemic inflammatory response to infection.
A patient with pure left-sided heart failure is likely to exhibit
pulmonary congestion with dyspnea.
First-degree heart block is characterized by
prolonged PR interval.
Hypertrophy of the right ventricle is a compensatory response to
pulmonary stenosis
A laboratory test that should be routinely monitored in patients receiving digitalis therapy is
serum potatssium
An abnormally wide (more than 0.10 second) QRS complex is characteristic of
premature ventricular complexes.
Overproduction of nitric oxide is an important aspect of the pathophysiologic process of what type of shock?
Septic.
Patients with structural evidence of heart failure who exhibit no signs or symptoms are classified into which New York Heart Association heart failure class?
Class I
Beta-blockers are advocated in the management of heart failure because they
reduce cardiac output.
Low cardiac output to the kidneys stimulates the release of _____ from juxtaglomerular cells.
renin
Chronic elevation of myocardial wall tension results in atrophy.
False
Low cardiac output in association with high preload is characteristic of ________ shock.
cardiogenic
The progressive stage of hypovolemic shock is characterized by
tachycardia
A patient presenting with fever, hypotension, and lactic acidosis is most likely to be experiencing what type of shock?
septic
Massive release of histamine with consequent vasodilation and hypotension occurs with what type of shock?
Anaphylactic
The therapy that most directly improves cardiac contractility in a patient with systolic heart failure is
digitalis