MIC 201 Lecture 1 Flashcards

an epidemic disease causing a high rate of mortality

"plague" always has a negative connotation

...

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

SARS-CoV-2

mycobacterium tuberculosis

plasmodium

AIDs, TB, malaria (big three)

10^-6

HIV - 0.1 micrometers

SARS-CoV-2 - 0.1 micrometers

mycobacterium tuberculosis - 2 micrometers

plasmodium - 1-80 microns (depending on size bc diff stages are diff sizes)

human cells 20x bugger than bacterium

cases: 39 million HIV+

cases in 2022: 1.3 million

deaths in 2022: 630,000

cases: 769 million

deaths as of 2023: almost 7 million

(numbers are for 2.5 years so far), suspect actual # deaths is 2x this (in some countries are 3 to 4x as much))

cases: 1/4 of humanity (about 2 billion)

• 10% of those who have it develop symptoms

1.6 million deaths

in 2022

1/2 population at risk

247 million cases

619,000 deaths

in 2021

adults usually survive. most deaths are children

1. Understand these diseases from the ground up .
2. How these diseases are being fought.
3. Appreciate why we haven’t eliminated these diseases.
4. Make YOU a (relative) expert.

• HIV = virus, must infect cell to produce more
• is OBLIGATE PARASITE
  • requires host to reproduce

1. HIV attachment
   • immune system disease
2. reverse transcription
   • drug target, why vaccine has yet to be developed
3. integration of provirus into chromosomes
   • why cannot be cured of HIV
4. virion maturation
   • drug target

HIV exists in 2 forms:

• virion (virus particle)
  • infectious form
  • early phase
  • anatomy: circle around RNA, reverse transcriptase, integrase, gp120, protease
  • obligate parasite like all viruses
  • free virus particle, extracellular form
  • has 2 protein shells
  • GENETIC MATERIAL IS RNA
  • has 2 copies of RNA
• provirus
  • hidden form
  • genetic material incorporated into the human host's genetic material
  • late phase

RNA

KNOW THIS

(2 copies)

provirus

• 1st part cellular infection process
• membrane of virus fuse w/ cell membrane = contents of viral particle are released into the cell (HIV guts spill into cell)
• after RNA released into cell -> converts into DNA (uses reverse transcriptase, already in virus)
• DNA made -> go to nucleus (where genetic material of host cell is)
• DNA integrates into host cell's chromosomes = what makes HIV difficult to handle
  • use integrase enzyme to do this (also in the HIV virus)
• = VIRAL DNA NOW IN PROVIRUS FORM

after RNA released into cell -> uses reverse transcriptase to convert RNA into DNA

DNA integrates into host cell's chromosomes

uses integrase

once viral DNA integrate with host DNA

a retrovirus

DNA -> RNA -> protein

only worked this way

found out there is more, not jsut this is possible

RNA -> DNA

later reverse transcriptase was discovered, and now RNA could -> DNA

- never thought possible before

- RNA eventually degraded and = double stranded DNA

Called retroviruses bc is backwards (REVERSE transcription)

transcription

enzyme: RNA polymerase

reverse transcription

enzyme: reverse transcriptase

1970, making dna from rna template (see slide 15)

reverse transcriptase

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=odRyv7V8LAE

Specifically, knowing these 4 key events of the HIV cellular infection cycle makes it easier to understand …

1. HIV attachment ( AIDS is a disease of the immune system )
2. ‘Reverse Transcription’ ( drug target and why a vaccine has yet to be developed )

(1:35 – 2:10)

1. Integration of the provirus into the chromosome ( Why one can’t be ‘cured’ of HIV )

(2:10 – 2:44)

1. Virion maturation ( drug target )