Applied Pharmacology Flashcards

The dental health professional should be familiar with autonomic nervous system (ANS) drugs for all reasons except; which is the exception?

1. ANS drugs are used to treat oral infections.
2. Vasoconstrictors added to local anesthetic agents are ANS agents.
3. Some ANS drugs are used to increase salivary flow.
4. Some ANS drugs produce oral adverse effects such as xerostomia.
5. Members of other drug groups have similar effects to ANS drugs.

The two components of the ANS, the sympathetic autonomic nervous system (SANS) and the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system (PANS) together control regulation of which bodily functions?

1. Skeletal muscle movement, sensory input, and regulation of cognition and emotion
2. Regulation of temperature control, regulation of memory, and growth and development
3. Regulation of blood pressure and heart rate and smooth muscles of the gut and bronchi
4. Regulation of hormonal secretion through negative feedback

Which statement is most correct concerning the sympathetic autonomic nervous system (SANS)?

1. Multiple preganglionic fibers synapse with a single postsynaptic neuron to produce a localized effect.
2. A single preganglionic fiber often synapses with numerous postganglionic neurons to produce a diffuse effect.
3. Multiple preganglionic fibers synapse with a multiple postsynaptic neurons to produce a localized effect.
4. A single preganglionic fiber often synapses with single postganglionic neurons to produce a diffuse effect.

When the sympathetic autonomic nervous system is stimulated, the __________ releases epinephrine and norepinephrine into systemic circulation, acting as a large sympathetic ganglion.

1. adrenal cortex
2. adrenal medulla
3. thyroid gland
4. central nervous system
5. parathyroid gland

Actions of the sympathetic nervous system include all except; which is the exception?

1. Increase in blood pressure and heart rate
2. Decrease in blood pressure and heart rate
3. Dilation of the bronchial smooth muscles
4. Decrease in salivary flow and other secretions
5. Reduction in motility of the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract

What is the preganglionic neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system?

1. Acetylcholine
2. Norepinephrine
3. Epinephrine
4. Dopamine

What is the primary postsynaptic neurotransmitter released between the postsynaptic nerve and the effector tissue for the sympathetic nervous system (SANS)?

1. Muscarine
2. Acetylcholine
3. Norepinephrine
4. Nicotine

Which naturally occurring cholinergic agents is given to stimulate saliva flow?

1. Dopamine
2. Pilocarpine (Salagen)
3. Atropine
4. Scopolamine
5. Donepezil (Aricept)

Which adrenergic drug is used to treat asthma?

1. Isoproterenol
2. Albuterol
3. Clonidine
4. Amphetamine

Indications for adrenergic drugs include all except; which is the exception?

1. Vasoconstrictors for local anesthetics
2. Salivary stimulants
3. Over-the-counter cold and cough products
4. Treatments for hypotension and shock
5. Asthma bronchodilator

Which terms refer to the same groups of medications?

1. Sympathomimetic, cholinergic
2. Sympathomimetic, adrenergic
3. Adrenergic, parasympathomimetic
4. Cholinergic, parasympatholytic

All are adverse reactions of cholinergic agents except; which is the exception?

1. Neuromuscular paralysis in large doses
2. Lacrimation
3. Xerostomia
4. Salivation
5. Defecation

The term catecholamine refers to which agent?

1. Acetylcholine
2. Epinephrine
3. Reserpine
4. Pilocarpine
5. Methanechol

Stimulation of β₁ receptors of the SANS by adrenergic agents causes stimulation of the heart muscle, resulting in increased heart rate and strength of contraction. Stimulation of the β₂ receptors of the SANS by adrenergic agents causes stimulation of the smooth muscles of the bronchioles, resulting in bronchoconstriction.

In the autonomic nervous system, the preganglionic neuron originates in the __________ and passes out to form the ganglia at the __________ with the postganglionic neuron. The postganglionic neuron originates in the __________ and innervates the __________.

1. synapse, central nervous system, effector organ, ganglia
2. central nervous system, synapse, ganglia, effector organ
3. effector organ, synapse, ganglia, central nervous system
4. peripheral nervous system, ganglia, synapse, effector organ

The sensory components of ANS are the __________ fibers, and the motor component of the ANS are the __________ fibers.

1. preganglionic, postganglionic
2. afferent, efferent
3. efferent, afferent
4. postganglionic, preganglionic

All of these adrenergic agents are vasoconstrictors except; which is the exception?

1. Epinephrine
2. Levonordefrin
3. Phenylephrine
4. Dopamine
5. Pseudoephedrine

These statements accurately describe the cell bodies that give origin to the preganglionic fibers of the SANS, compared with the PANS EXCEPT; which is the EXCEPTION?

1. Preganglionic fibers have a less diffuse effect.
2. Preganglionic fibers form multiple synaptic connections with postganglionic cell bodies.
3. A single SANS preganglionic fiber often synapses with numerous postganglionic neurons.
4. The postganglionic fibers also terminate at the effector organ or tissues.
5. All of these statements are correct in comparison with the PANS.
6. None of these statements are correct.

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is involved with, and is usually termed, the fight-or-flight response and is designed to cope with sudden emergencies. The sympathetic division of the ANS is involved with conservation of the body processes and is often termed the rest-and-digest response.

Drugs can modify ANS activity by altering neurotransmitter activity in which ways?

1. Neurotransmitter synthesis
2. Neurotransmitter storage
3. Neurotransmitter release
4. Receptor interaction
5. Neurotransmitter disposition
6. All of the above
7. A, B, and D only

All of the statements about neurotransmitters in the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system (PANS) are true except; which is the exception?

1. Nerves that release acetylcholine between the preganglionic and postganglionic nerves are called cholinergic.
2. When the synapse between the preganglionic and postganglionic nerves is also stimulated by nicotine, it is also called nicotinic.
3. The neurotransmitter released from the postganglionic nerve terminal is norepinephrine and is called adrenergic.
4. The postsynaptic tissue also responds to muscarine and is identified as muscarinic.

A drug that acts at the location where norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter released would be termed

A drug that has the suffix __________ has the same action as an agonist.

A drug that acts at the location where a division of the ANS acts and blocks the action (acting as an antagonist) of the neurotransmitter has the suffix __________.

What is the principal neurotransmitter of the PANS?

1. Muscarine
2. Nicotine
3. Acetylcholine
4. Norepinephrine
5. Epinephrine

The action of the released acetylcholine is terminated by hydrolysis by the enzyme

1. pseudocholinesterase.
2. acetylcholinesterase.
3. monamine oxidase.
4. protease.

A PANS drug, succinylcholine, attaches to the nicotinic receptor and results in flaccid paralysis of the skeletal muscle. This drug is commonly used to treat seizure disorders.

The direct-acting cholinergic or parasympathomimetic (PANS) agents include which drugs?

1. Neostigmine, Bethanechol
2. Bethanechol, Pilocarpine
3. Pilocarpine, Neostigmine
4. Physostigmine, Neostigmine

Which is the primary mechanism of action for the indirect-acting parasympathomimetic agents?

1. Direct stimulation of the PANS receptors
2. Inhibiting the enzyme cholinesterase
3. Increasing the enzyme cholinesterase
4. Causing reuptake of the enzyme cholinesterase

Indications for parasympathetic autonomic nervous system (PANS) drugs include all except; which is the exception?

1. Treatment of glaucoma
2. Treatment of myasthenia gravis
3. Treatment of bronchial asthma
4. Stimulation of salivary flow
5. Treatment of urinary retention

These conditions are contraindications for PANS agents EXCEPT; which is the EXCEPTION?

1. Xerostomia
2. Severe cardiac disease
3. Peptic ulcer
4. Hyperthyroidism
5. Gastrointestinal or urinary tract obstruction
6. All are correct

Insecticides and chemical warfare agents are usually sympathetic autonomic nervous system drugs called reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. Members of this drug group include parathion, malathion, and sarin.

The anticholinergic or parasympatholytic agents are often used therapeutically to treat which conditions?

1. Decrease salivation and secretions to produce a dry field in oral surgery
2. Relaxation of smooth muscles of respiratory tract for asthma treatment
3. Dilation of the pupils for ophthalmologic examinations
4. All are correct

Adverse reactions associated with the large doses of anticholinergics include all except; which is the exception?

1. Central nervous system depression
2. Central nervous system excitation
3. Xerostomia
4. Photophobia
5. Hyperpyrexia

The combination of anticholinergic agents and levodopa is sometimes used for the treatment of __________.

1. xerostomia
2. photophobia
3. Parkinson’s disease
4. glaucoma
5. hyperpyrexia

Examples of sympathomimetic adrenergic agonists include all drugs EXCEPT; which is the EXCEPTION?

1. Atropine
2. Epinephrine
3. Phenylephrine
4. Norepinephrine
5. All are correct

For each numbered medication below, select the best indication or use.

1. Epinephrine
2. Pilocarpine (Salagen)
3. Pseudoephedrine
4. Pilocarpine (IsoptoCarpine)
5. Propranolol
6. Succinylcholine
7. Scopolamine
8. Dopamine
9. Methamphetamine
10. Atropine