Anatomy week 1 - communicating about the body Flashcards

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cephalic / cranial

cranial

facial

mental

cervical

pectoral

axillary

brachial

antecubital / cubital

antebrachial

carpal

palmar

digital / phalangeal

femoral

patellar

frontal

orbital

buccal

otic

nasal

oral

sternal

mammary

umbilical

coxal

inguinal

manual

pubic

thoracic

abdominal

trunk

occipital

acromial

scapular

vertebral

olecranal

sacral

gluteal

popliteal

sural

plantar

calcaneal

lower limb

dorsal

hand to shoulder

lumbar

SAP

- palms up

- forearm underside is ANTERIOR

towards the front

cephalic (upper body direction)

towards the back

caudal (lower body direction)

proximal means closer to the origin of the body part of the point of attachement of a limb to the body trunk

further away from origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Lateral - to be farther away from midline of body, in direction of either side from midline of body OR a structure

away from the midline of the body

Medial - to be closer to the midline of the body or a structure (internal opposed to external)

toward the midline of the body

cuts body into right vs. left

motions: flexion and extension

cuts body into anterior vs. posterior

motions: abduction and adduction

cuts body into superior and inferior

motions: rotation

imaginary line at right angles to the plane at which it rotates or spins

each plane perpendicular to its axis

line thru side of body

plane spinning: sagittal plane

line anterior - posterior of body

plane: frontal axis

line head/heels

plane: transverse

• epithelial
• connective
• muscle
• nervous

• outer layer of skin
• line body cavities
• in glands

protect, absorb, filter, secretes substances in body

functional categories:

• Glandular: sweat, tear, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal
• Sensory: specialized cells related to hearing, sight, smell, taste
• Surface: skin

regenerate fast, constantly repair/replace

bones, tendons, ligaments, fascia, cartilage, adipose (fat), blood

density

Extracellular matrix (EXM): various fibers suspended in fluid

Ground substance: fluid portion of extracellular matrix

Three fiber types: collagen, reticular, elastic

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in connective tissue

cells that secrete proteins that make up fibers in matrix

include osteoblasts (bone) and chondroblasts (cartilage)

part of connective tissue

respond to injury / infection

part of connective tissue

adipose

1. lose
   • high lvls ground substance, fewer fibers
   • ex: adipose tissue + superficial fascia
2. dense
   • thicker + stronger, more fibers, less ground substance
   • ex: tendons, ligaments, joint capsules, periosteum
3. fluid
   • contain plasma (90% water)
   • ex: blood + lymph
4. supporting
   • strong + solid
   • ex: bone + cartilage

network of muscle cells containing myofibrils

contractile protein structures

stimulated by nervous system to contract / shorten = movement

force generated by shortening myofibrils -> transmitted into surrounding myofascia -> force drives internal + external human movement

sarcomere, actin, myosin, I band, A band, Z line, H zone, M line

basic contractile unit of a myofibril

thin filament

thick filament

primarily contains actin (thin) filaments

primarily contains myosin (thick) filaments

defines boundary of sarcomere and anchors the actin filament

zone of myosin filaments with no actin filaments

runs down the middle of the H zone

network of neurons (nerve cells)

can be stimulated, conduct stimulus, respond to stimulus

electrical impulses travel in btw neurons + btw them and other cells

impulses allow communication btw nervous system + other tissues

nervous system monitor + regulate body functions

sensory

• afferent nerves input info to CNS + brain
• ARRIVE

motor

• efferent nerves provide motor output info to skeletal muscle
• EXIT

• bones
• ligaments
• muscles
• tendons
• fascia

• easy to palpate + provides bony landmarks for finding muscles, tendons, ligaments
• made up of collagen fibers and minerals
• covered with layer of dense connective tissue (periosteum)
• epiphysis are bone ends with only ossify once skeleton matures as an adult
• diaphysis is shaft of bone

epiphysis are bone ends with only ossify once skeleton matures as an adult

shaft of bone

shaft in middle w/ bumpy ends

cube-shaped; allows fine, gliding movements in hand + foot

sternum, lilium

unique; vertebrae + fascial bones

encased in tendon; helps improve leverage + strength of muscle that cross it (patella)

1. framework support movement
2. protect vulnerable structure (brain, spinal cord, organs, etc.)
3. store minerals (potassium, calcium)
4. serves as site for hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells) in red bone marrow + epiphysis of long bones

fibrous structures made of dense connective tissue that connects bones to each other

prevent movements at joints + help stabilize joints (static stabilizers)

poorly vascularized

complex networks of collagen fibers that resist stress in multiple directions (grisltly feel)

present at both ends of bones, help form joints, joint capsules

interosseous membrane - broad sheet of dense connective tissue, thinner than ligaments; connects bones along length of shaft

smooth

• walls hollow organs, vessels, resp. pathways
• involuntary

cardiac

• involuntary
• walls of heart
• creates pulsing action to circulate blood thru body

skeletal muscle

• voluntary + involuntary
• produces movement by pulling on tendons + bones
• reflexes
• provide thermogenesis via muscle contraction

• walls hollow organs, vessels, resp. pathways
• involuntary

• involuntary
• walls of heart
• creates pulsing action to circulate blood thru body

• voluntary + involuntary
• produces movement by pulling on tendons + bones
• reflexes
• provide thermogenesis via muscle contraction

• made of bundles of parallel fibers
• fibers have distinct alignment/fiber direction
• muscle memory
• changes shape as body moves
  • stretch - long + taught
  • contract - thicker + firmer

connect muscle to bone

abundant in collagen fibers = strength + elasticity

change shape as moves

smother than muscle

• thin membrane of loose/dense connective tissue covering structures of body (bones, muscles, joints, etc.)
• protects structures + binds them into structural unit
• separate skin, muscle layers, body compartments, cavities, etc.
• make sheaths of nerve, vessels
• create cont. matrix that interconnects all structures of body

• superficial
• deep
• subserous

under dermis of skin

stores fat + water, passage for nerves + vessels

form network around muscles + internal structures

help muscle movement, make passageways for nerves + vessels, make muscle attachment sites, cushion muscle

separates deep fascia from membranes, allow movement of internal organs

protect vs environment

help regulate internal temp

excretes waste

epidermis

dermis

hypodermis

epithelial tissue; thin layers of cells cont. keratin, melanin, defensive cells

dense connective tissue; contains hair follicles, glands, nerves, blood vessels, tiny muscles

loose connective tissue, lying under dermis;

contains adipose cells -> cushion + protect structures

1st degree - superficial thickness

2nd degree - partial thickness burn

3rd degree - full thickness burn

4th degree - burn to bone / muscle, result in loss of limb / part

path blood flow

deliver oxygen + nutrients to tissue

removes waste

• arteries/arterioles
• veins, venules
• capillaries

• collect excess fluid (lymph) from body tissues + return to circulatory system
• make lymphocytes
• dependent on muscle contraction for flow

• lymphatic capillaries collect lymph + metabolic waste from capillaries
• lymph transported to lymph nodes
• nodes filter foreign particles, viruses, bacteria, etc.

• part of nervous system (brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves)
• cable-like bundles of neurons
• carry electrical signals to/from brain/spinal cord + body periphery

= cell body (nucleus), dendrites, axon

• sensory
  • monitor internal + external environment + relay sensory data to brain (afferent)
• motor
  
  • carry out motor response to skeletal muscle (efferent)

supporting connective tissue

• limited ability to heal after injury

• elastic
  • in nose + ears
  • highest proportion of elastic fibers
• hyaline
  • in voice box, btw ribs + sternum, bone surfaces
  • smooth + rubbery
  • help reduce friction in movement
• fibrous
  • in disks btw vertebrae + in meniscus btw femur + tibia
  • cushion joint surfaces

fibrocartilaginous ring

deepen concavity of joint

attachment site for many joint ligaments

ex: in shoulder + hip joints

small/flat sacs w/ synovial fluid

in shoulder, elbow, hip, knee

become big + swollen when exposed to excess friction (bursitis)

lubricant helps decrease friction + create gliding movement btw structures