What is the term for an animal whose blastopore develops into the mouth?
Protostomes
What is the term for animals who lack an internal body cavity?
Acoelomates
What is the serial repetition of body parts in a bilaterally symmetrical animal?
Segmentation (Metamerism)
Which type of skeleton does an earthworm have?
Hydrostatic skeleton
What type(s) of muscles do earthworms use for movement?
Longitudinal, circular
What type of cleavage do protostomes have?
Spiral cleavage
What is the term for coelom formation by out pocketing of the primitive gut?
Entercoelom
What is the term for coelom formation by splitting of the mesoderm?
Schizocoelom
Which germ layer is missing in an animal that is diploblastic?
Mesoderm
What is the protein found in the outer layer of the epidermis that makes the skin tough?
Keratin
What is the lipid secreted onto the skin to prevent desiccation and to help condition the skin?
Sebum
What is the primary cell type that typifies bone connective tissue?
Osteocytes
What is the glandular secretion where the entire cell becomes a part of the secretion?
Holocrine gland
What type of muscle tissue has fibers connected at intercalated discs?
Cardiac muscle fibers
What word describes the homeostatic response of blood vessels to excessive cold?
Vasoconstriction
What are some adaptations or responses to conserve heat?
Bludder, shivering, vasoconstriction
Which muscle type is responsible for movement?
Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
What is the name of the neuroglial cells that form the myelin sheath for neurons in the peripheral nervous system?
Schwann cells
What type of functional classification do mammary glands posses?
Apocrine
What are examples of derivatives of the skin / integumentary system?
Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, associated glands, hair, and nails
What are the thick protein filaments in a muscle fiber?
Myosin
What is the type of contraction where a muscle shortens and its attachments move?
Isotonic
Which type of muscle fiber is highly aerobic & fatigues slowly?
Slow oxidative
Glycolysis yields how many ATP per glucose?
Two ATP per glucose
What is the ability of a muscle to recoil and return to its original shape after being stretched?
Elasticity
What is the net charge on the inside of the membrane of a neuron at resting membrane potential?
Negative
What gradient affects the flow of K+ through the neuronal membrane ?
Concentration and charge potential
What is an example of a negative feedback system?
Blood glucose level maintenance, blood pressure, body temp. regulation
Which ion enters a neuron and depolarizes the membrane in response to an action potential?
Sodium ion
What are the extensions of the sarcolemma that depolarize when stimulated by a nerve impulse?
T tubules
Conduction velocity of a neuron is influenced by two things, what are these?
Neuron diameter and resistance to ion leakage
Can graded potentials produce action potentials?
Yes
What neuroglial (glial) cells form the myelin sheath for neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Schwann cells
What are the two major classes of hormones?
Peptide and tyrosine hormones
What is the third, smaller class of hormones?
Lipid
Which hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland & plays a role in metabolism & frog metamorphosis?
Thyroxin
What is the hormones that increases blood calcium and phosphate?
Parathyroid
Which hormone promotes Na+ and Cl resorption by the kidney?
Aldosterone
What type of molecule transports lipid hormones via the circulatory system?
Globulin
Which animals use urea as a waste removal medium?
Mammals
Which animals use uric acid as a waste removal medium?
Reptiles
Which animals use ammonia as a waste removal medium?
Aquatic animals
Which types of invertebrates have a closed circulatory system?
Earthworm and squids (annelid)
Which types of invertebrates have an open circulatory system?
Most invertebrates (grasshopper)
In a capillary what are the conditions necessary for net outflow through the capillary wall to exceed net inflow? (Does blood pressure exceeds colloidal osmotic pressure or the other way around?)
Very small diameter causes low flow rates, blood pressure exceeds colloidal osmotic pressure
What is the fluid, made of both blood and interstitial fluid, in the open circulatory system of an insect called?
Hemolymph
Is heart rate higher in smaller mammals / animals?
Yes in animals
What is the closing or narrowing of blood vessels?
Atherosclerosis
What is the renal portal system?
Takes the blood from the caudal half of a reptiles body directly through the kidneys
What are the antigen presenting cells of the mammalian immune system?
B-lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells
What is the term for the opposite flow of water across the gills of a fish relative to the flow of blood within the gill capillaries?
Countercurrent exchange
What are the gas exchange organs in birds called?
Parabronchi
In fish lacking swim bladders or those with high O2 requirements, the continuous motion of the fish to move water across the gills is called what?
Ram ventilation
What properties make an ideal gas exchange surface?
Large surface area, extremely thing, maximum concentration gradient
What types of animals utilize ammonia as a waste removal medium?
Aquatic animal
Which group first shows distinct excretory organs?
Protonephridium
What is the part of the nephron that filters blood plasma?
Bowmans capsule
Do ammonotelic animals secrete highly toxic uric acid that precipitates into a paste? (Did I state the question correctly?)
false
What is the effect of high solute load in the collecting duct of a nephron?
Decrease in water recovery
What is the effect of low solute load in the collecting duct of a nephron?
High osmotic gradient and increase water reabsorption
Which organ secretes lipase?
Pancreas
What is the digestive enzyme that is secreted by the stomach and is only active at low pH?
Pepsin
What is the enzyme secreted by the pancreas to take over protein digestion in the duodenum once pepsin is neutralized?
Trypsin
What is the name of the enzyme that breaks down lipids in the small intestine?
Lipase
What type of symmetry do sponges show?
Asymmetric
What level of organization do sponges show?
Cellular level
What is the primary characteristic for sponge classification?
Lack organs and specialized tissue
What are the flagellated cells which line the canals and cavities of sponges?
choanocytes
What are the substances which comprise the sponge skeleton?
spicules
What is the class for glass sponges?
Hexactinellida
What is the class for commercial sponges?
Demospongiae
What is the most complex type of sponge canal system?
Leuconid
Do sponges have a sac like body plan or a tube within a tube body plan?
Sac-like body
What are the thin flat cells that cover the surface of sponges?
Pinacocytes
What are the undifferentiated cells that move through the mesoglea of a sponge to phagocytize particles?
Archeocytes
What level of organization do we see in cnidarians?
Tissue
Do Cnidarians have sensory organs?
Yes
What type of excretory system do Cnidarians have?
Doesn’t have one
How many germ layers do Cnidarians posses?
Two
What term describes the nervous system of a jellyfish?
Cnidarian nervous system
What is the free swimming morph of jellyfish?
Medusa
What are the stinging cells used by cnidarians?
Cnidocytes
What is the class for the Portuguese Man of War?
Hydrozoa
What is the phylum for sea anemones?
Anthozoa
Do cnidarians show bilateral symmetery?
Bilateral
Do Cnidarians have a sac like body plan or a tube within a tube body plan?
Sac like body plan
What are examples of the classes of phylum Cnidaria?
Jellyfish, sea anemones, hydroids, corals
In what ways do Cnidarians reproduce?
Budding or sexual reproduced by gametes
What organ do Ctenophorans use for locomotion?
Ciliated comb plates
What is the phylum for Bipalium?
Platyhelminthes
What type of nervous system do planarians have?
Ladder-like system
Planarians (flatworms) what type of circulatory system?
They don’t have one
What are the excretory cells in flatworms?
Flame cell
What reproductive methods do planarians use?
Transverse fission, regeneration, and sexual reproduction
What is the class for flukes?
Trematoda
What animal always serves as an intermediate host for flukes?
Snail
What are the reproductive segments of tapeworms called?
Proglottids
Are flatworms the first animals that we studied to show bilateral symmetry?
Yes, they show bilateral
Are flatworms the first animals that we studied to show cephalization?
Yes, they are cephalization
Do planarians have a complete digestive tract?
No complete digestive tract
Which classes of flatworms are parasitic?
Trematoda and Cestoda
Are flatworms diploblastic or triploblastic?
Triploblastic
Are flatworms the first animals that we studied to show diploblastic / triploblastic layers?
Triploblastic
Do flatworms have a sac like body plan or a tube within a tube body plan?
Tube within a tube
Which worms cause the condition elephantiasis?
Filarial (roundworm)
Which roundworms migrate to the anal region at night to lay eggs, thereby causing itching in this region, and transfer of eggs?
Pinworm
Do Nematodes show diploblastic or triploblastic germ layers?
Triploblastic
Are Nematodes the first animals that we covered to show a complete digestive tract?
Yes, complete
Do nematodes have a sac like body plan or a tube within a tube body plan? Are they the first animals to show this?
Yes,Tube within a tube
What type of coelom do nematodes have? Were they the first group that we covered to have this?
Round with a body cavity. Yes
What type of muscles do nematodes possess?
Longitudinal muscles
Was Mollusca the first phylum that we covered to show an eucoelom?
Yes, does show eucoelom
Was Mollusca the first phylum that we covered to show extensive specialization of the digestive tract?
No, Annelida is
What is the larval type for mollusks?
Trochophore larvae
What are some of the major characteristics of mollusks?
Large phylum, primarily aquatic, range from very small to very large, usually have 1 or 2 shell, Eucoelomate
What is the 180o twisting of a mollusks visceral mass?
Torsion
What makes class bivalvia unique from other mollusks?
It lacks cephalization
What is the class for cuttlefish?
Class Cephalopoda
What is the class for mussels?
Class Bivalvia
What is the tissue origin for octopus eyes?
Esp eyes
What is the respiratory pigment in cephalopods?
Hemocyanin
What type of feeding method do cephalopods use?
Active predators
What functions does the muscular foot of mollusks perform for the different classes?
Gliding/ Creeping (gastropods & chitons), Attachment/disc (bivalves), Swimming/parapodia or fins (nudibranchs), Jet propulsion/siphon (cephalopods)
What is the meaning of the word gastropoda?
Stomach foot
Are mollusks protostomes or deuterostomes?
Protostomes
Do mollusks have a schizocoelom or an enterocoelom?
Schizocoelom
How many plates make up the shells of chitons?
Eight
What is the rasping organ of mollusks?
Radula
What is the name of the gills inside a nudibranch mantle cavity?
Ctenidia
Do bivalves have a well developed brain?
No
What are the rod shaped chemosensory organs on the head of sea slugs?
Rhinophore
The term “valve” in Bivalvia refers to what?
Two shells
How do bivalves feed?
Filter feeders
What is the substance on the inside of a bivalve’s shell?
Nacre
What are the light sensory organs on the margin of bivalve shells?
Ocelli
What is the term meaning serial repetition of body parts in bilaterally symmetrical animals?
Segmentation (Metamerism)
Is Annelida the first phylum to show a closed circulatory system?
Yes, closed
Do segmented roundworms have a complete digestive tract?
Yes, tract
What type of muscles do earthworms have?
Longitudinal and circular muscles
What is the grinding digestive organ in annelids?
Gizzard
What are the bristle like structures that oligochaetes use to aid locomotion?
Setae
What are the biramous projections seen in polychaetes?
Parapodia
What is the class for leeches?
Class Hirundinea
What is the class for fan worms?
Class Polychaeta
What is the anti coagulant secreted by leeches?
Hirudin
Do earthworms use self or cross fertilization?
Cross-fertilization
What is cross fertilization?
Monoecious individuals fertilizing each other
What type of skeleton do earthworms have?
Hydraulic
Are earthworms monoecious or dioecious?
Monoecious
What respiratory pigment do earthworms use?
Hemoglobin
What type of feeding method do clam worms use?
Active predators
What is the common name for members of Phylum Onychophora?
Velvet Worm
What is the fusion of body segments into body regions (e.g. cephalothorax)?
Tagmosis
How do insects transport O2 to cells?
Transport used a tracheal and gill respiratory system
Which subphylum of arthropod uses book lungs or book gills for respiration?
Subphylum Chelicerta
Which subphylum of arthropod uses trachae for respiration?
Subphylum Uniramia
Which subphylum of arthropod uses gills for respiration?
Subphylum Crustacea
Which subphylum of arthropod has a cephalothorax abdomen tagmosis?
Crustacea and Chelicerata
What is the cycle for complete metamorphosis?
Egg, larvae, pupa, adult
What is the order for cockroaches?
Order Blatteria
What is the order for beetles?
Order Coleoptera
What is the order for moths?
Order Lepidoptera
What is the excretory organ for crustaceans?
Antennal glands (green)
What does the word “Uniramia” mean?
Do not branch
What type of skeleton do arthropods use?
Exoskeleton
Which members of uniramia have a head trunk tagmosis?
Diplopoda
Which class of uniramia have a head thorax abdomen tagmosis?
Insecta
What is the hormone that stimulates insects to shed?
Ecdysis
Do arthropods have a schizocoelom or a deuterocoelom?
Schizocoelom
What are the additional hearts that pump blood as insects fly or walk?
Thoracic heart
What are the excretory organs of spiders?
Malpighian tubules
What are the first pair of feeding appendages in spiders?
Claws
How many antennae to chelicerates have?
None
What is the long tail of the horseshoe crab called?
Telson
What are the respiratory organs of chelicerates?
Book gills
What is the class for scorpions?
Class Chelicerata
What are some diseases that ticks can vector?
Lyme Disease and RMSF
Are crustacean appendages uniramous or biramous?
Biramous
Which crustaceans form the major portion of the diet of commercial fish?
Copepods
What is the subclass for barnacles?
Subclass Theocostraca
What is the subclass for lobsters?
Subclass Decapoda
Which crustaceans are terrestrial?
Sow/pill bugs
Which crustaceans form a major portion of the diet of baleen whales?
Krill (Malacostraca)
Are insect appendages uniramous or biramous?
Uniramous
Are millipedes predators?
Not predators
What is the study of insects called?
Entomology
What’s the order for locusts?
Order Orthoptera
What’s the order for dragonflies?
Order Odonata
What’s the order for mantises?
Order Mantodea
What’s the order for termites?
Order Blattodea
What’s the order for mosquitoes?
Order Diptera
What’s the order for stink bugs?
Order Hemiptera
What’s the order for honey bees?
Order Hymenopterans
What is the name for the blood of insects?
Hemolymph
What portion of the young adult population harbors mites?
99%
Crustacean gills have what function(s)?
Ion transport and osmoregulation
What is the subphylum for crayfish?
Subphylum Crustacea
What is the major characteristic that differentiates starfish from insects?
Blastopore development
What is the structure that brings water into a starfish’s water vascular system?
Madreporite
What is the fluid filled sac at the base of a starfish’s tube feet?
Ampulla
How do starfish feed on bivalve mollusks?
Insert their stomach into the bivalve shell and digest it from within
What is the typical symmetry for sea stars?
Penta-radial
What is the class for brittlestars?
Class Ophinroidea
What is the class for sea urchins?
Class Echinoidea
What is the class for featherstars?
Class Crinoidea
What is the class for sea cucumbers?
Class Holothuroidea
Are echinoderms protostomes or deuterostomes?
Deuterostomes
Do echinoderms have a schizocoelom or a enterocoelom?
Entercorelom
What is the subphylum for tunicates?
Subphylum Urochordata
What is the subphylum for amphioxus?
Subphylum Cephalochordata
What organ gives subphylum Chordata its name?
Notochord
What is meant by hermaphroditic (scientific term)?
Has both reproductive organs
What cells secrete the tunic in sea squirts?
Morula cells
Do tunicates undergo direct development?
No
Define the following and give examples of each: Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, Wormian bones, sesamoid bones
Long (tibia, fibular, and femur), short (wrist and ankles), flat (ribs and sternum), irregular (vertebrae), Wormian (island of bones imbedded with sutures), sesamoid (patella)
What type of bone is the patella?
Sesamoid
Know the difference between the axial & appendicular skeletons.
Axial is made up of bones in your head, neck, back, and chest. Appendicular is made up of everything else.
What is a synovial joint?
A joint found between bones that move against each other and is a fluid filled cavity
What is a Hinge joint/ Example?
Serves to allow motion primarily in one plane (elbows, knee)
What is a ball and socket joint? Example?
Allows for freedom of movement in all directions (shoulders, hips)
What type of joint is found between intervertebral disks?
Amphiarthrosis
Vertebrates are distinguished from other chordates by what characteristic?
They have backbones
Which vertebrate was the first we studied that showed internal fertilization?
Fish (sharks)
Are fish ectothermic or endothermic? Amphibians? Reptiles? Birds? Mammals?
Ectotherms
What is the pigment found in the lower layers of the epidermis that protects mitotic cells from UV radiation? (You might need to reference the Tissues lecture.)
Melanin
How many chambers does a Fish heart have? Name these chambers.
One atrium and one ventricle
Fish blood makes how many circuits during circulation?
Single circuit
What class of parasitic fish possesses an oral disc?
Lampreys, Agnatha
What is the primary function of a fish’s swim bladder?
Buoyancy
What is a secondary function of a fish’s swim bladder (in some species)?
Lungs
What type of gills do fish have?
Lamellar
What structure covers the gills of sharks?
Gill slit
What is the function of the semi circular canals in sharks?
Equilibrium
What are the electro receptive organs of sharks?
Ampullae of Lorenzini
What is the term that describes the movement of blood through gill capillaries in one direction and the movement of water over the gill surfaces in the opposite direction?
Countercurrent flow
What is the respiration by fish whereby they use continual swimming to move water of the gills?
Ram ventilation
What is Opercular pumping?
Moving water over the gill by the operculum
In addition to respiration, fish gills are also used for?
Osmotic regulation
What is the primary osmotic challenge for a fish in a marine environment?
Dehydration
Marine fish _______________ water by osmosis from the gills compensate by drinking lots of seawater and using by using the gills for active transport of Na+ and CL out of the body
Lose
What is the primary osmotic challenge for a fish in a freshwater environment?
Waterlogged
Freshwater fish _______________ water by osmosis from the gills compensate by excreting excess water in the urine and by using the gills for active transport of Na+ and Cl into the body.
Gain
What are some other marine animals use salt glands? Where are the glands located?
Marine iguanas, salt crocodile, sea birds/ tongue
What is Diadromous?
Migrate from both salt & freshwater
What is Anadromous? Examples?
Migrate from salt to fresh to reproduce (salmonids, stiped bass)
What is Catadromous? Examples?
Migrate from fresh to sea to reproduce (American eel spawns in the sargasso sea)
What does Euryhaline mean?
Able to tolerate a wide variety of salinity extremes
What are the copulatory organs used by male sharks?
Claspers
Label the following structures on a shark: dorsal fin, pectoral fin, caudal fin, pelvic fin, gill slits, spiracle
Look at pictures
How do the largest sharks and rays feed?
Filter feeders
How does an amphibian’s heart differ from a fish’s heart?
Amphibians have 3 hearts and fish have 2 hearts
What is the process by which a larval frog / tadpole transforms into an adult frog?
Metamorphosis
How do “lungless” terrestrial salamanders respire?
Cutaneous
What type of pressure do frogs use in buccopharyngeal respiration?
Positive
What is the term for an adult salamander that retains juvenile characteristics, such as gills?
Neoteny
What is the term for the terrestrial juvenile stage of the Eastern Newt?
EFT
What is the warning display given by newts to potential predators?
Unken
What is the form of amplexus whereby a male frog grasps the female under the front legs?
Axillary
What is the form of amplexus whereby a male frog grasps the female around the waist?
Anguinal
What is the form of amplexus whereby a male frog grasps the female around the neck / head?
Cephalic
What is the only amphibian to have a copulatory organ (first copulatory organ among terrestrial vertebrates)?
Caecilian
What are Fat bodies?
Large, yellow
What is the order for frogs and toads?
Anura
How does the amphibian heart differ from the bird heart?
Bird have 4 hearts and amphibian has 3 hearts
Amphibians & non crocodilian reptiles have how many chambers in the heart? Name these chambers.
2 atria, 1 ventricle
What is the route of blood through the amphibian and non crocodilian reptile heart and circulation?
Ventricle to lungs and body, lungs to left atrium, body to right atrium, both atria to ventricle
Snakes & Lizards name of paired copulatory organs?
Hemipenes
What is the membrane in a snake egg that forms an “artificial pool” for the embryo?
Amnion
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes reptiles from amphibians?
Amniotic eggs
What is the sequence of blood flow in a snake’s circulatory system?
Same as the non-crocodilian
Reptile nephrons lack a Loop of Henle. They compensate by using the _______________ for water reabsorption.
Cloaca
What is the specialized chemosensory organ used by snakes and some lizards?
Jacobson’s organ
If an animal is limb less, has eyelids, and external ear openings, is it a snake or a lizard?
Lizard
What is the suborder for lizards?
Sauria
What type of fangs do the snakes in family viperidae have?
Hinged, front
The heat sensing pit organs of pit vipers sense what type of light energy?
Infrared
Cobras are members of snake family elapidae, which have what type of venom?
Neurotoxin
How does the tuatara differ from other reptiles?
No copulatory organ
What is the order for turtles?
Testudines
What is the name of the only member of order Rhynchocephalia that is endemic to New Zealand?
Tuataras
What is the name for the dorsal portion of the turtle shell?
Carapace
Sex ratio in reptiles is primarily determined by what?
Incubation temperature
Crocodilians are distinguished from other reptiles by what?
4 heart
What is the specialized structure that allows snakes to breathe while eating?
Glottis
Do snakes show ovipary? Ovovivipary? Vivipary?
All
Crocodilians, birds, & mammals have how many chambers in the heart? Name these chambers.
2 atria, 2ventricle
What is the route of blood through the crocodilian, bird, & mammal heart and circulation?
Right ventricle to lungs, lungs to left atrium, left ventricle to body, body to right atrium
What characteristic distinguishes ALL birds from reptiles?
Feathers
What are the gas exchange organs in birds?
Parabronchi
Bird respiration follows what sequence?
Posterior air sacs, parabronchi, anterior air sacs, goes outside
In Birds, females have reduced reproductive system. What purpose might this serve?
Reduce their body weight
What term describes chicks which are born with feathers, read to run or swim?
Precocial
What is the order for woodpeckers?
Piciformes
What is the only species of woodpecker to excavate cavities in live pine trees?
Cockaded woodpecker
What is the mating strategy where a single male mates with multiple females during a breeding season?
Polygyny
What is the mating strategy where a single female mates with multiple males during a breeding season?
Polyandry
What is a bird’s voice box called?
Syrinx
Why do birds migrate?
Avoid climate extremes, increase breeding space, utilize more abundant food sources
Which brooding strategy is most common among birds?
Female alone incubates egg
Which birds lack a keeled sternum?
Lesser rhea
What is precocial?
Leave after birth
What is altricial?
Stays for weeks on
Most mammals are differentiated from birds by the presence of what reproductive structure?
Mammary glands
What are Portal systems? Know which is which: Hepatic, Renal, & Hypophyseal.
Blood from one organs goes through veins into another organ before going to hear/ hepatic~ intestine to liver/ renal~ tail to kidney/ hypophyseal~ hypothalamus into pituitary gland
What type of mammal is an echidna?
Monotremes
What type of mammal is an opossum?
Marsupial
What is the order for even toed hoofed mammals?
Arteodactilla
What is the order for odd toed hoofed mammals?
Parasodactilla
What is the name for mammalian herbivores that chew their cud?
Ruminants
What is the energy source in Ruminants?
VFAs
What is the protein source in Runimants?
Microorganisms
What are the four stomachs of Bison and other ruminants?
Rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum
What is the order, from beginning to end, through which food passes in a ruminant’s stomach?
Rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum
Which mammals are Foregut fermenters? Which mammals are Hindgut fermenters?
Foregut=deer, cattle, leaf eating monkeys, hindgut= rabbits, horses, rodents, flying lemurs
What is the relative length of small intestine in herbivores vs. carnivores?
Herbivores have much longer intestines because its easier to digest meat
List comparisons and contrasts of foregut versus hindgut fermenters
Microbres=foregut~before and digested, hindgut~after and is not digested/VFA is a source of energy of both/foregut diet is low and hindgut is high/throughout rate is low in foregut and high in hindgut/ efficiency of cellulose is high in foregut and slow in hindgut
Which is more efficient at utilizing cellulose, hindgut or foregut fermenters?
Foregut fermenters
What is Coprophagy in rabbits?
Rabbits eat the special pellet
Why do Carnivores have much shorter intestines?
Meat can pass through quicker
What are the organs and their function in the Male mammal reproductive system?
Testes- male gonads, penis, erectile copulatory organs
What are the organs and their function in the Female mammal reproductive system?
Ovaries-female gonads and uterus
What is the primary characteristic defining Mammals?
Hair/fur
What are the Four primary types of uteri in vertebrates? Give examples
Duplex, bipartite, bicornuate, simplex
Which mammals are capable of true flight?
Bats
What is the order for rabbits?
Lagomorpha
What is the order for whales?
Cetaceans
What characteristics allow mammals to better conserve heat?
Blubber, hair, thick skin, high metabolism
What are the premolars in wolves called?
Carnassial
What type of mammal is an opossum?
Marsupial
What type of animal is an echidna?
Monotreme
Do monotremes have nipples for nursing their young?
No they have mammary gland ducts
Are marsupial young precocial?
Altricial
Which mammals undertake long seasonal migrations? Which do not?
Whale does, bats doesn’t
Which mammal(s) has a bipartite uterus?
Water buffalo
What is the pathway of air travel to the lungs of mammals?
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Label the stomachs of a bison
Rumen, omasum, abomasum, reticulum
What is the use of self produced sound for navigation?
Echolocation
What type of hair is dense and soft and provides insulation?
Under hairs
In what way are other mammals different from monotremes and marsupials?
They have a placenta
Which chamber of the heart helps return low pressure deoxygenated blood to enter the mammalian heart?
Right atrium
What is Mullerian mimicry?
Two species share similar anti-predator characteristics and co-mimic each other
What is Batesian mimicry?
A behavior in which preys look like or behaves like a distasteful or poisonous species
What is a Population?
Groups of individuals of the same species living in the same area
What is a species range?
The area where a particular species can be found during its lifetime
What is a demography?
Quantitative study of changes in the characteristics of populations
What is population size?
Number of individuals in the population
What is abundance?
Same as population size
What is complete enumeration?
Count every individual in the population
What is population sampling?
Estimating of a population when complete enumeration is not feasible
What is mark recapture?
Recapturing individuals within a restricted period soon after marking
What is radio telemetry?
Best way to determine spatial patterns and movement, activity patterns, and survival of individuals in a population
What is population density?
Number of individuals in a given area or volume
What is dispersion?
Pattern of spacing among individuals in the population
What is a clumped dispersion?
Individuals aggregate in patches; influenced by resource availability and behavior
What is a uniform dispersion?
Individuals are evenly distributed; influenced by social interactions
What is a random dispersion?
Position of each individual is independent of other individuals
What is age structure?
Number of individuals at different ages
What is age distribution?
Proportion of individuals at different ages
What is sex ratio?
Proportion of individuals of each sex
What is population variability?
Differences among individuals in the population
What is sexual dimorphism?
Sexes differ greatly in appearance
What is metamorphosis?
Dramatic transformation as they age
What is immigration?
Simply to movement of an organism to an area
What is emigration?
The movement of something away from a location
What is a J shaped curve?
Curve shape that reflects exponential growth
What is an exponential curve?
Initial lots of offspring then levels out
What is a S shaped curve?
Population growth is limited by external factors
What is a logistic curve?
Population growth is limited by external factors
What is carrying capacity?
Maximum of number of individuals habitats can sustain
What are limiting resources?
Food, water, light, nesting sites, refugia, dens
What is a r strategy?
Many, small young. Little or no parental care. Low survival
What is a K strategy?
Few, large young. Parental care. High survival
What is a density dependent factor?
Limiting factor; competition, predation, parasitism and disease
What is a density independent factor?
Human disturbances, drought and other climate extremes
What is predation?
Predator increase and prey decrease
What is competition?
Competition for critical resources
What is interspecific competition?
Competition between RCW and other non-RCW cavity (other woodpeckers, owls, flying squirrels)
What is intraspecific competition?
Competition between RCW and RCW (ex. Red cockaded woodpecker)
What is resource partitioning?
A way to reduce competition (ex. Pacific salmon hatch in the streams and migrate and comes back to reproduce)
What is territoriality?
Area from which individuals of the same species are excluded especially the same sex (ex. tiger marking)
What is migration?
Moving to another habitat for food, better conditions, or reproductive needs
What is a metapopulation?
Groups of populations linked by immigration and emigration (island populations)
What is life history?
Timing of reproduction and death of an organism
What is iteroparity?
Reproductive strategy of producing few, large young, having parental care, and marked by high survival
What is semelparity?
Large numbers but never provide parental care for the offspring once they’re born
What is altricial?
Stay for 2+ weeks with parents
What is precocial?
Leave immediately after birth
What is a life table?
Age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population
What is a cohort?
Group of organisms born at the same time
What is mortality rate?
Proportion of individuals that start an interval of time alive but are dead by the end of the interval
What is survivorship?
Percentage of an original population that survives to a given age
What is a survivorship curve?
Probability of cohorts surviving to different ages
What is a Type I curve?
Most individuals live to adulthood with most mortality occurring during old age (ex. Humans, red deer, elephants)
What is a Type II curve?
Straight, individual’s chance of dying is independent of its age (small birds and mammals)
What is a Type III curve?
Concave, few individuals live to adulthood, with the chance of dying decreasing with age (ex. snapping turtle, oysters, redwood trees)
What is a Community?
All population of different species interacting with one another in the same environment
What is scale?
Size of a community
What is spatial structure?
Distribution of species relative to each other
What is temporal structure?
The timing of the appearance and activity of species
What is species richness?
The number of species in a community
What is species diversity?
The relative abundance of different species
What is a dominant species?
Most successful and competitive and the highest abundance or biomass a community
What is a keystone predator?
A predator that controls the population of a dominant species (ex. mussels)
What is a fundamental niche?
Set of resources and habitats an organism could theoretically use under ideal conditions
What is a realized niche?
Set of resources and habitats an organism uses (due to environmental factors such as competition)
What is the competitive exclusion principle?
Two species compete for the same limiting resource, one will survive and the other will be driven to extinction
What is neutralism?
Any interacting that does occur are indirect or incidental (ex. the tarantulas living in a desert and the cacti living in a desert)
What is amensalism?
One species suffers and the other interacting species experiences no effect (ex. Redwood trees falling into the ocean become floating battering-rams during storms, killing large numbers of mussels and other inter-tidal organisms)
What is commensalism?
One species benefit and the other is unaffected( birds nesting in a trees)
What is mutualism?
Benefits both(bees and the plants they pollinate)
What is optimal foraging theory?
Optimal pattern of foraging (ex. crows dropping snails)
What is the hierarchical model of habitat selection?
Geographical range, home range, habitat types used, microhabitats
What factors influence habitat selection?
Breeding, nesting/cover/hibernacula/refugia, foraging/feeding areas
What is habitat fragmentation?
Break up of habitats into smaller patches
What is ecotone?
Fragmentation of forests creates more edge habitat
What is primary succession? Give some examples.
Begins in a virtually lifeless area where soil has not yet been established
What is secondary succession? Give some examples.
Growth of vegetation in a flood plain after a flood
What is a pioneer species?
Early colonizers that carry out life processes and begin to modify habitat
What is a climax community?
Final stage in successions
What species dominate a climax community?
Trees
What is biogeography?
The study of distribution of species and ecosystems
What is relative abundance?
The number of individuals of each species and some combinations of these two factors
What do we see in latitudinal species richness gradients?
Fewer species at the pole and more at the equator
What do we see in species area relationships?
The larger the geographic are, the greater the number of species
How does the number of species influence immigration and extinction?
Immigration decreases, extinction increases
How does island size influence immigration and extinction rates?
Immigration increases, extinction decreases
How does distance from the mainland influence immigration and extinction rates?
Immigration increase. Extinction decreases
What is the greatest limiting factor for RCW populations?
Lack of cavity trees
What is unique about the pine trees in which RCWs nest, compared to those in which other woodpecker species nest?
Heartwood decay helps birds to excavate cavitites into pine heartwood
What is the best measure of RCW population size (how would you determine the population size)?
Births, deaths, immigration, emigration
What is an Ecosystem?
A community and its physical environment
What is the biosphere?
All groupings of species on earth, existing in air and water, and on land
What are biomes?
Major ecosystems on earth by flora, fauna, climatic conditions, physical features, geography
Which biome has the least rainfall?
Desert
Which biome has the greatest number grazing mammals?
Tropical savanna
What is the local ecosystem in Escambia, Co., AL?
Pine forest
The ultimate goal of conservation biology is ____________________ in the wild instead of _____________________ of species in museums and zoos (see last slide of PPT).
Conversation, preservation
What is the study of fungi called?
Mycology
What is a person who studies fungi called?
Mycologist
What are 7 characteristics of fungi?
Eukaryotes, cell walls composed of Chitin, reproduce by spores, nonmotile throughout their life cycle, heterotrophic by absorption, most are multicellular
What is the primary component of fungi cell walls?
Chitin
What is a saprotroph?
Organisms that decompose organic matter
What are the thread like filaments that make up a fungus?
Hyphae
What is the body of a fungus called?
Mycelium
What are Septate Hyphae?
Tiny pores
What are Nonseptate Hyphae?
Doesn’t have true septa with pores, they are one continuous cell
What are rhizoids?
Specialized that anchor some fungi to substrates
What are haustoria?
Specialized hyphae used by parasitic fungi to absorb nutrients directly from the cells of other organisms
What is the pileus?
Cap of the mushroom
What are lamellae?
Gills
What is the annulus?
Ring like structure
What is the stipe?
stalk
Name three ways that fungi can reproduce asexually? Define each.
Cell fission, budding, asexual
What are the functions of fungal spores?
Produced during the sexual and asexual stages, dispersed by wind, survive unfavorable nutrition and environmental conditions, adaptation to land, grow directly into new fungus
What are three techniques that predatory fungi use to capture prey?
Hyphae ring traps, secrete anesthetizing substances, secrete sticky substance on hyphae
To which division do fungi that are mutualistic with plant roots belong?
Mycorrhizae
How is the relationship between plants and mycorrhizae mutualistic (what do they give each other)?
Increasing the root abilities to absorb nutrients and water available in the soil
What are ectomycorrhizae?
Surrounds but does not penetrate cells
What are endomycorrhizae?
Penetrates cells and forms arbuscles
How can plants communicate with one another?
They allow them to share information like a highway and nutrients pipeline all in one
What types of nutrients do plants share through mycorrhizae?
Sugar and lipids
What do we call fungi that are mutualistic with a cynobacteria or algae photosynthetic partner?
Lichens
What is a crustose lichen?
Crusty fungi
What is a foliose lichen?
Leaf-like fungi
What is a fruticose lichen?
Shrub-like fungi
To which group do unicellular fungi, lacking mycelia belong?
Chytrids
Name a disease that we discussed in which chytrids parasitize plants?
Syncytium endobioticum
Name a disease that we discussed in which chytrids parasitize amphibians?
Batrachochytrium
Black bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifera) is well known member of which fungal division?
Zygospore
Most members of Division Zygomycota are _______________, meaning they have aseptate (non septate) hyphae and are multinucleated.
Coenocytic
What is a sporangiophore?
A structure or stalk that bears one or more sporangia
What is a sporangium?
A receptacle in which asexual spores are formed
What is a spore?
Produced during the sexual and asexual stages
What is a gametangium (pl. gametangia)?
An organ or cell in which gametes are produced
What is a zygospore?
A large store of food reserved and a thick, resistant cell wall
What is a zygosporangium?
A sporangium in which zygospores are produced
What causes the swelling on a hat thrower fungus sporangiophore to swell and split, shooting the sporangium over 2 meters away?
Pilobolus crystallinus
Members of division usually have ___________ hyphae that are perforated.
Septate
What is a conidiophore?
Stalk
What is a conidium?
A spore produced asexually by various fungi at the tip of a specialized hypha
What is an ascocarp?
Formed from interwoven hyphae on the larger mycelium
What is an ascus?
Sac-like structure within haploid ascospores
What is an ascospore?
ascus
What are the asexual spores found in Ascomycota?
Conidia
The yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a member of Division __________, and is used in making __________ (what toast is made from).
Ascomycota, yeast
Which ascomycete causes thrush?
Candida
Morels are ____________, often associated with elms, and are members of Division ____________.
Sexual, Ascomycota
What are the edible, mycorhizzal sac fungi associated with oak and beech tree roots?
Truffle
What is the disease caused by the ascomycete, Endothia parasitica, that decimated the chestnut tree populations?
Chestnut bright
What is the disease caused by the ascomycete, Ophiostoma ulmi, that decimated the elm tree populations?
Dutch Elm Disease
One of the primary uses of the ascomycete ______________ is giving cheeses their distinctive appearances, flavors, odors, and textures?
Penicillium
The antibiotic penicillin, discovered by Alexander Fleming, is made by the ascomycete ________.
Penicillium
What are the secondary metabolites, released by Aspergillus, that are carcinogenic?
Aflatoxins
What are two human skin diseases caused by members of Division Ascomycota, which outcompete skin bacteria by secreting antibiotics?
Dermatophyte deuteromycetes, Aspergillus
What is the disease in dogwood trees caused by the ascomycete, Discula destructiva?
Dogwood anthracnose
What is the disease, caused by the ascomycete Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola, that causes skin lesions and tissue destruction in snakes, sometimes killing the snake?
Ophidiomycosis
Member of Division Basidiomycota have septate hyphae that are ________.
Club fungi
What is a basidiocarp?
An undifferentiated fruiting structure with a hymenium on the surface
What is a basidium?
Made up of sexually reproduced bodies
What is a basidiospore?
A mushroom would produce a sexual spore
What is the disease caused by the human pathogenic basidiomycete, Cryptococcus, that is found worldwide in the soil?
Cryptococcus neoformans
What is the club fungus that is parasitic on wheat and other cereal crops?
Rust
What is the club fungus that is parasitic on corn and other cereal crops?
Smut
To which Division (scientific and common name) do turkey tail fungi and shelf fungi belong?
Basidiomycota
To which Division (scientific and common name) do puffballs and stinkhorns belong?
Basidiomycota
What is soil?
A mixture of mineral particles
What is a mineral?
An inorganic substance usually containing two or more elements; nutrients absorbed by roots
What are essential nutrients?
Nutrients without which the plant will die
What are macronutrients?
Essential nutrients that occur in greater relative concentrations in plants
What are micronutrients?
Essential nutrients that occur in lesser relative concentrations in plants
What are beneficial nutrients?
Nutrients either required for or that enhanced the growth of a particular plant
What is hydroponics?
Water culture growing plants without soil in a water culture so that mineral requirements can be determined
What is differential growth?
Controlled by hormones
What are nastic movements and give examples?
Turgor pressure
What is Turgor pressure?
Force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall
What are hormones?
Chemical signals produced in low concentrations and active in other parts of plants
What are auxins?
A plant hormone that promotes root formation and bud growth
What is gravitropism?
Movement of plants in response to gravitational force
What is phototropism?
Plant growth in response to a source of light
What are Gibberellins?
Promotes stem elongation, allowing larger grapes to develop
What are Cytokinins?
Promote cell division
What is Ethylene?
Gas formed from amino acids methionine by ripe fruits
What is Abscisic acid?
Promotes winter bud formation, stress hormone
What is thigmotropism?
Growth in response to touch
What are the pros and cons of phytoremediation?
Very effective, environmental impact/ slow, will not work unless it is added to soil
What is alternation of generations?
Two multicellular individuals alternate
What is the gametophyte generation?
Haploid generation
What is the sporophyte generation?
Diploid generation
Which generation is dominant?
Gametophyte
What is Phylum Bryophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts)
mosses
What is Phylum Hepatophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts)
liverworts
What is Phylum Anthocerophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts)
hornworts
Define and label Vein
Vascular bundle within a leaf
Define and label Stem
Main axis or shoot of a plant
Define and label Petiole
Stalk that attaches the leaf blade to the stem
Define and label Blade
Wide portion of a foliage leaf
Define and label Leaf
Lateral appendage of a stem contains photosynthetic cells
Define and label Node
Point where leaves are attached to the stem
Define and label Internode
Region between nodes
Define and label Terminal bud
Developed at the apex of a shoot that allows stem to elongate
Define and label Axillary bud
Located at a node in the upper angle between the leaf and stem; produces new branches of the stem or flowers
Define and label Shoot system
Raises photosynthetic leaves toward sun
Define and label Root system
underground part of all vascular plants
Define and label Branch root
Lateral branch of the taproot
Define and label Taproot
Primary root containing the apical meristem protected by the root cap
Define and label Root hairs
Projections of root that increase surface area
What are Rhizomes?
Underground, horizontal stems that survive winter and contribute to asexual reproduction (ex. Iris)
What are Stolons?
Aboveground, horizontal stems that produce new plants at nodes (ex. Strawberry)
What are Tubers?
Enlarged portions of rhizomes that function in food storage (ex. potato)
What are Corms?
bulbous underground stems that lie dormant during winter and produce new plants the next growing season
What are adventitious roots?
Developed from shoot system
What are prop roots?
Corn, adventitious roots that emerge above the soil line, anchor plant
What is a cuticle?
Covering for epidermal cells exposed to air, which minimizes water loss and protects against bacteria and diseases
What is spongy mesophyll?
Area of the leaf composed of parenchyma tissue that is irregularly shaped and loosely spaced, allowing for increased surface area for gas exchange
What is palisade mesophyll?
Area of the leaf composed of densely packed parenchyma tissue, containing chloroplasts, where photosynthesis occurs
What are Stomata?
Pores on the underside of the leaf
What are Guard cells?
Regulate opening/ closing of stomata
What are Fibrous roots?
Lateral branches from the main roots
What is a taproot?
Primary root gives rise to secondary roots
What is the difference between a white potato and a sweet potato?
White potatoes are expanded rhizomes and sweet potatoes are modified roots
What are mycorrhizae?
Mutualistic with plant roots
What are root nodules?
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
What is Primary growth and where does it occur?
Growth that occurs in the primary meristems and increases plant length (ground, protoderm, procambium)
What is Secondary growth and where does it occur?
Growth that increases girth of trunks, stems, branches, and roots
What is meristem?
A type of tissue found in plants
What is apical meristem?
Makes up the terminal bud
Where is apical meristem found, in the shoot or in the roots?
taproot
What is lateral meristem?
Occurs at the lateral areas of the plant
What is procambium?
Forms primary xylem and primary phloem and vascular cambium
What is ground meristem?
Forms ground tissue, like pith, cortex, pith
What is protoderm?
Forms epidermis
What is pith?
Mass of parenchymal cells
What is cortex?
Region of parenchyma tissue between the epidermis and vascular tissue
What is Parenchyma?
Least specialized ground tissue
What is Collenchyma?
Ground tissue with thick, often lignified secondary cell walls
What is Sclerenchyma?
Thick, secondary cell walls impregnated with lignin, making it woody by strengthening the plant but is not alive
What is xylem?
Transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves
What is phloem?
Transport sugars, organic compounds, hormones from the leaves to the roots
What is Guttation?
Drops of water are forced out of vein endings along the edges of leaves
Which tissue gives rise to the epidermis?
Protoderm
Define and label cork?
Form cork and phelloderm
Define and label bark?
Protect plants
Define and label Vascular cambium?
Forms secondary xylem and secondary phloem
Define and label Heartwood?
Dark, outermost rings
Define and label Sapwood?
Light, outermost rings
Define wood
Buildup of secondary xylem
What is Phylum Psilophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts)
Whisk ferns
What is Phylum Lycophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts)
Club mosses
What is Phylum Sphenophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts)
Horsetails
What is Phylum Pteridophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts)
Ferns
What is Phylum Cycadophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts)
Cycads
What is Phylum Ginkgophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts)
Ginkgos
What is Phylum Gnetophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts)
Gnetum, ephedra, welwitschia
What is Phylum Coniferophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts)
Cone, pines
How can you identify a longleaf pine from other pines?
The longleaf bark is thicker than other pines
What is Phylum Anthophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts)
Largest and youngest plant
What is Class Monocotyledones? (Know some examples and basic facts)
One cotyledon in seed (iris,daylilies)
What is Class Dicotyledones? (Know some examples and basic facts)
Two cotyledons in seeds (azaleas,dogwood)
What is the monocot leaf venation?
Parallel
What is the monotcot arrangement of xylem & phloem in stems? In roots?
A circle around the pith
What is the monocot arrangement of flower parts?
Set of 3
How many cotyledons do monocots have?
one
What is the dicot leaf venation?
Leaf veins form net pattern
What is the dicot arrangement of xylem & phloem in stems? In roots?
Root phloem between arms of xylem in star shape
What is the dicot arrangement of flower parts?
Four or five
How many cotyledons do dicots have?
Two
What is Palmate venation?
Major veins originate at the point of attachment of the blade to the petiole
What is Pinnate venation?
Major leaf veins originate from points along a central main vein
What are Simple leaves?
Undivided leaf
What is an Alternate leaf arrangement?
1 leaf per node
What is an opposite leaf arrangement?
2 leaves per node
What is a whorled leaf arrangement?
3 or more per node
What are compound leaves?
Leaf with blade divided into leaflets
What are Pinnately compound leaves?
Butternut hickory, shagbark hickory, pecan
What are Palmately compound leaves?
Virginia creeper
Define and label Anther
Contains the four microsporangia or pollen sacs
Define and label Filament
Slender stalk which bears the two-lobed anther
Define and label Stamen
Collectively androecium
Define and label Stigma
Sticky receptors of pollen grains
Define and label Pollen tube
Deliver sperm cells to the female gametophyte
Define and label Style
Elevates stigma
Define and label Ovary
Swollen base which contains the gametophyte
Define and label Ovule
Where female gametophyte
Define and label Pistil
Is the female part of the flower
Define and label Petal
Attracts pollinators
Define and label Corolla
Refers to all of petals
Define and label Sepal
Protects flower bud before it opens
Define and label Calyx
Refers to all of the sepals
What is a Complete flower?
Has all four parts(sepals, petals, stamen, carpels)
What is an Incomplete flower?
Lacks one of the four parts (sepals, petals, stamen, carpels)
What is a Perfect flower?
Flowers that contain both stamens and carpels
What is an Imperfect flower?
Flowers that either has only stamens or only carpels, not both
What does it mean for a plant to be Monoecious?
Plants having both staminate and carpellate flowers
What does it mean for a plant to be Dioecious?
Plants having only staminate flowers or only carpellate flowers, not both
What is Self pollination?
Pollen from a plant is transferred to stigma on same plant
What is Cross pollination?
Pollen from one plant is transferred to stigma of another plant
Define and give an example if a Samara
Winged, usually single seeded fruit (Maple, elm, ash, tree of heaven seeds)
Define and give an example if a Aggregate fruit
A separate carpel from simple ovaries forming many fused fleshy fruits from a single flower (strawberries, raspberries, blackberries)
Define and give an example if a True berry
Simple fleshy fruit having seeds and involving only the compound ovary wall (tomato, citrus fruits, melon)
Define and give an example if a Multiple fruit
Derived from many flowers (Pineapple, fig, mulberry, breadfruit, sycamore)
Define and give an example if a Drupe
A single seed produced from a simple ovary (peach, cherry, coconut, walnut)