front 1 What is the term for an animal whose blastopore develops into the mouth? | back 1 Protostomes |
front 2 What is the term for animals who lack an internal body cavity? | back 2 Acoelomates |
front 3 What is the serial repetition of body parts in a bilaterally symmetrical animal? | back 3 Segmentation (Metamerism) |
front 4 Which type of skeleton does an earthworm have? | back 4 Hydrostatic skeleton |
front 5 What type(s) of muscles do earthworms use for movement? | back 5 Longitudinal, circular |
front 6 What type of cleavage do protostomes have? | back 6 Spiral cleavage |
front 7 What is the term for coelom formation by out pocketing of the primitive gut? | back 7 Entercoelom |
front 8 What is the term for coelom formation by splitting of the mesoderm? | back 8 Schizocoelom |
front 9 Which germ layer is missing in an animal that is diploblastic? | back 9 Mesoderm |
front 10 What is the protein found in the outer layer of the epidermis that makes the skin tough? | back 10 Keratin |
front 11 What is the lipid secreted onto the skin to prevent desiccation and to help condition the skin? | back 11 Sebum |
front 12 What is the primary cell type that typifies bone connective tissue? | back 12 Osteocytes |
front 13 What is the glandular secretion where the entire cell becomes a part of the secretion? | back 13 Holocrine gland |
front 14 What type of muscle tissue has fibers connected at intercalated discs? | back 14 Cardiac muscle fibers |
front 15 What word describes the homeostatic response of blood vessels to excessive cold? | back 15 Vasoconstriction |
front 16 What are some adaptations or responses to conserve heat? | back 16 Bludder, shivering, vasoconstriction |
front 17 Which muscle type is responsible for movement? | back 17 Skeletal, smooth, cardiac |
front 18 What is the name of the neuroglial cells that form the myelin sheath for neurons in the peripheral nervous system? | back 18 Schwann cells |
front 19 What type of functional classification do mammary glands posses? | back 19 Apocrine |
front 20 What are examples of derivatives of the skin / integumentary system? | back 20 Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, associated glands, hair, and nails |
front 21 What are the thick protein filaments in a muscle fiber? | back 21 Myosin |
front 22 What is the type of contraction where a muscle shortens and its attachments move? | back 22 Isotonic |
front 23 Which type of muscle fiber is highly aerobic & fatigues slowly? | back 23 Slow oxidative |
front 24 Glycolysis yields how many ATP per glucose? | back 24 Two ATP per glucose |
front 25 What is the ability of a muscle to recoil and return to its original shape after being stretched? | back 25 Elasticity |
front 26 What is the net charge on the inside of the membrane of a neuron at resting membrane potential? | back 26 Negative |
front 27 What gradient affects the flow of K+ through the neuronal membrane ? | back 27 Concentration and charge potential |
front 28 What is an example of a negative feedback system? | back 28 Blood glucose level maintenance, blood pressure, body temp. regulation |
front 29 Which ion enters a neuron and depolarizes the membrane in response to an action potential? | back 29 Sodium ion |
front 30 What are the extensions of the sarcolemma that depolarize when stimulated by a nerve impulse? | back 30 T tubules |
front 31 Conduction velocity of a neuron is influenced by two things, what are these? | back 31 Neuron diameter and resistance to ion leakage |
front 32 Can graded potentials produce action potentials? | back 32 Yes |
front 33 What neuroglial (glial) cells form the myelin sheath for neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? | back 33 Schwann cells |
front 34 What are the two major classes of hormones? | back 34 Peptide and tyrosine hormones |
front 35 What is the third, smaller class of hormones? | back 35 Lipid |
front 36 Which hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland & plays a role in metabolism & frog metamorphosis? | back 36 Thyroxin |
front 37 What is the hormones that increases blood calcium and phosphate? | back 37 Parathyroid |
front 38 Which hormone promotes Na+ and Cl resorption by the kidney? | back 38 Aldosterone |
front 39 What type of molecule transports lipid hormones via the circulatory system? | back 39 Globulin |
front 40 Which animals use urea as a waste removal medium? | back 40 Mammals |
front 41 Which animals use uric acid as a waste removal medium? | back 41 Reptiles |
front 42 Which animals use ammonia as a waste removal medium? | back 42 Aquatic animals |
front 43 Which types of invertebrates have a closed circulatory system? | back 43 Earthworm and squids (annelid) |
front 44 Which types of invertebrates have an open circulatory system? | back 44 Most invertebrates (grasshopper) |
front 45 In a capillary what are the conditions necessary for net outflow through the capillary wall to exceed net inflow? (Does blood pressure exceeds colloidal osmotic pressure or the other way around?) | back 45 Very small diameter causes low flow rates, blood pressure exceeds colloidal osmotic pressure |
front 46 What is the fluid, made of both blood and interstitial fluid, in the open circulatory system of an insect called? | back 46 Hemolymph |
front 47 Is heart rate higher in smaller mammals / animals? | back 47 Yes in animals |
front 48 What is the closing or narrowing of blood vessels? | back 48 Atherosclerosis |
front 49 What is the renal portal system? | back 49 Takes the blood from the caudal half of a reptiles body directly through the kidneys |
front 50 What are the antigen presenting cells of the mammalian immune system? | back 50 B-lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells |
front 51 What is the term for the opposite flow of water across the gills of a fish relative to the flow of blood within the gill capillaries? | back 51 Countercurrent exchange |
front 52 What are the gas exchange organs in birds called? | back 52 Parabronchi |
front 53 In fish lacking swim bladders or those with high O2 requirements, the continuous motion of the fish to move water across the gills is called what? | back 53 Ram ventilation |
front 54 What properties make an ideal gas exchange surface? | back 54 Large surface area, extremely thing, maximum concentration gradient |
front 55 What types of animals utilize ammonia as a waste removal medium? | back 55 Aquatic animal |
front 56 Which group first shows distinct excretory organs? | back 56 Protonephridium |
front 57 What is the part of the nephron that filters blood plasma? | back 57 Bowmans capsule |
front 58 Do ammonotelic animals secrete highly toxic uric acid that precipitates into a paste? (Did I state the question correctly?) | back 58 false |
front 59 What is the effect of high solute load in the collecting duct of a nephron? | back 59 Decrease in water recovery |
front 60 What is the effect of low solute load in the collecting duct of a nephron? | back 60 High osmotic gradient and increase water reabsorption |
front 61 Which organ secretes lipase? | back 61 Pancreas |
front 62 What is the digestive enzyme that is secreted by the stomach and is only active at low pH? | back 62 Pepsin |
front 63 What is the enzyme secreted by the pancreas to take over protein digestion in the duodenum once pepsin is neutralized? | back 63 Trypsin |
front 64 What is the name of the enzyme that breaks down lipids in the small intestine? | back 64 Lipase |
front 65 What type of symmetry do sponges show? | back 65 Asymmetric |
front 66 What level of organization do sponges show? | back 66 Cellular level |
front 67 What is the primary characteristic for sponge classification? | back 67 Lack organs and specialized tissue |
front 68 What are the flagellated cells which line the canals and cavities of sponges? | back 68 choanocytes |
front 69 What are the substances which comprise the sponge skeleton? | back 69 spicules |
front 70 What is the class for glass sponges? | back 70 Hexactinellida |
front 71 What is the class for commercial sponges? | back 71 Demospongiae |
front 72 What is the most complex type of sponge canal system? | back 72 Leuconid |
front 73 Do sponges have a sac like body plan or a tube within a tube body plan? | back 73 Sac-like body |
front 74 What are the thin flat cells that cover the surface of sponges? | back 74 Pinacocytes |
front 75 What are the undifferentiated cells that move through the mesoglea of a sponge to phagocytize particles? | back 75 Archeocytes |
front 76 What level of organization do we see in cnidarians? | back 76 Tissue |
front 77 Do Cnidarians have sensory organs? | back 77 Yes |
front 78 What type of excretory system do Cnidarians have? | back 78 Doesn’t have one |
front 79 How many germ layers do Cnidarians posses? | back 79 Two |
front 80 What term describes the nervous system of a jellyfish? | back 80 Cnidarian nervous system |
front 81 What is the free swimming morph of jellyfish? | back 81 Medusa |
front 82 What are the stinging cells used by cnidarians? | back 82 Cnidocytes |
front 83 What is the class for the Portuguese Man of War? | back 83 Hydrozoa |
front 84 What is the phylum for sea anemones? | back 84 Anthozoa |
front 85 Do cnidarians show bilateral symmetery? | back 85 Bilateral |
front 86 Do Cnidarians have a sac like body plan or a tube within a tube body plan? | back 86 Sac like body plan |
front 87 What are examples of the classes of phylum Cnidaria? | back 87 Jellyfish, sea anemones, hydroids, corals |
front 88 In what ways do Cnidarians reproduce? | back 88 Budding or sexual reproduced by gametes |
front 89 What organ do Ctenophorans use for locomotion? | back 89 Ciliated comb plates |
front 90 What is the phylum for Bipalium? | back 90 Platyhelminthes |
front 91 What type of nervous system do planarians have? | back 91 Ladder-like system |
front 92 Planarians (flatworms) what type of circulatory system? | back 92 They don’t have one |
front 93 What are the excretory cells in flatworms? | back 93 Flame cell |
front 94 What reproductive methods do planarians use? | back 94 Transverse fission, regeneration, and sexual reproduction |
front 95 What is the class for flukes? | back 95 Trematoda |
front 96 What animal always serves as an intermediate host for flukes? | back 96 Snail |
front 97 What are the reproductive segments of tapeworms called? | back 97 Proglottids |
front 98 Are flatworms the first animals that we studied to show bilateral symmetry? | back 98 Yes, they show bilateral |
front 99 Are flatworms the first animals that we studied to show cephalization? | back 99 Yes, they are cephalization |
front 100 Do planarians have a complete digestive tract? | back 100 No complete digestive tract |
front 101 Which classes of flatworms are parasitic? | back 101 Trematoda and Cestoda |
front 102 Are flatworms diploblastic or triploblastic? | back 102 Triploblastic |
front 103 Are flatworms the first animals that we studied to show diploblastic / triploblastic layers? | back 103 Triploblastic |
front 104 Do flatworms have a sac like body plan or a tube within a tube body plan? | back 104 Tube within a tube |
front 105 Which worms cause the condition elephantiasis? | back 105 Filarial (roundworm) |
front 106 Which roundworms migrate to the anal region at night to lay eggs, thereby causing itching in this region, and transfer of eggs? | back 106 Pinworm |
front 107 Do Nematodes show diploblastic or triploblastic germ layers? | back 107 Triploblastic |
front 108 Are Nematodes the first animals that we covered to show a complete digestive tract? | back 108 Yes, complete |
front 109 Do nematodes have a sac like body plan or a tube within a tube body plan? Are they the first animals to show this? | back 109 Yes,Tube within a tube |
front 110 What type of coelom do nematodes have? Were they the first group that we covered to have this? | back 110 Round with a body cavity. Yes |
front 111 What type of muscles do nematodes possess? | back 111 Longitudinal muscles |
front 112 Was Mollusca the first phylum that we covered to show an eucoelom? | back 112 Yes, does show eucoelom |
front 113 Was Mollusca the first phylum that we covered to show extensive specialization of the digestive tract? | back 113 No, Annelida is |
front 114 What is the larval type for mollusks? | back 114 Trochophore larvae |
front 115 What are some of the major characteristics of mollusks? | back 115 Large phylum, primarily aquatic, range from very small to very large, usually have 1 or 2 shell, Eucoelomate |
front 116 What is the 180o twisting of a mollusks visceral mass? | back 116 Torsion |
front 117 What makes class bivalvia unique from other mollusks? | back 117 It lacks cephalization |
front 118 What is the class for cuttlefish? | back 118 Class Cephalopoda |
front 119 What is the class for mussels? | back 119 Class Bivalvia |
front 120 What is the tissue origin for octopus eyes? | back 120 Esp eyes |
front 121 What is the respiratory pigment in cephalopods? | back 121 Hemocyanin |
front 122 What type of feeding method do cephalopods use? | back 122 Active predators |
front 123 What functions does the muscular foot of mollusks perform for the different classes? | back 123 Gliding/ Creeping (gastropods & chitons), Attachment/disc (bivalves), Swimming/parapodia or fins (nudibranchs), Jet propulsion/siphon (cephalopods) |
front 124 What is the meaning of the word gastropoda? | back 124 Stomach foot |
front 125 Are mollusks protostomes or deuterostomes? | back 125 Protostomes |
front 126 Do mollusks have a schizocoelom or an enterocoelom? | back 126 Schizocoelom |
front 127 How many plates make up the shells of chitons? | back 127 Eight |
front 128 What is the rasping organ of mollusks? | back 128 Radula |
front 129 What is the name of the gills inside a nudibranch mantle cavity? | back 129 Ctenidia |
front 130 Do bivalves have a well developed brain? | back 130 No |
front 131 What are the rod shaped chemosensory organs on the head of sea slugs? | back 131 Rhinophore |
front 132 The term “valve” in Bivalvia refers to what? | back 132 Two shells |
front 133 How do bivalves feed? | back 133 Filter feeders |
front 134 What is the substance on the inside of a bivalve’s shell? | back 134 Nacre |
front 135 What are the light sensory organs on the margin of bivalve shells? | back 135 Ocelli |
front 136 What is the term meaning serial repetition of body parts in bilaterally symmetrical animals? | back 136 Segmentation (Metamerism) |
front 137 Is Annelida the first phylum to show a closed circulatory system? | back 137 Yes, closed |
front 138 Do segmented roundworms have a complete digestive tract? | back 138 Yes, tract |
front 139 What type of muscles do earthworms have? | back 139 Longitudinal and circular muscles |
front 140 What is the grinding digestive organ in annelids? | back 140 Gizzard |
front 141 What are the bristle like structures that oligochaetes use to aid locomotion? | back 141 Setae |
front 142 What are the biramous projections seen in polychaetes? | back 142 Parapodia |
front 143 What is the class for leeches? | back 143 Class Hirundinea |
front 144 What is the class for fan worms? | back 144 Class Polychaeta |
front 145 What is the anti coagulant secreted by leeches? | back 145 Hirudin |
front 146 Do earthworms use self or cross fertilization? | back 146 Cross-fertilization |
front 147 What is cross fertilization? | back 147 Monoecious individuals fertilizing each other |
front 148 What type of skeleton do earthworms have? | back 148 Hydraulic |
front 149 Are earthworms monoecious or dioecious? | back 149 Monoecious |
front 150 What respiratory pigment do earthworms use? | back 150 Hemoglobin |
front 151 What type of feeding method do clam worms use? | back 151 Active predators |
front 152 What is the common name for members of Phylum Onychophora? | back 152 Velvet Worm |
front 153 What is the fusion of body segments into body regions (e.g. cephalothorax)? | back 153 Tagmosis |
front 154 How do insects transport O2 to cells? | back 154 Transport used a tracheal and gill respiratory system |
front 155 Which subphylum of arthropod uses book lungs or book gills for respiration? | back 155 Subphylum Chelicerta |
front 156 Which subphylum of arthropod uses trachae for respiration? | back 156 Subphylum Uniramia |
front 157 Which subphylum of arthropod uses gills for respiration? | back 157 Subphylum Crustacea |
front 158 Which subphylum of arthropod has a cephalothorax abdomen tagmosis? | back 158 Crustacea and Chelicerata |
front 159 What is the cycle for complete metamorphosis? | back 159 Egg, larvae, pupa, adult |
front 160 What is the order for cockroaches? | back 160 Order Blatteria |
front 161 What is the order for beetles? | back 161 Order Coleoptera |
front 162 What is the order for moths? | back 162 Order Lepidoptera |
front 163 What is the excretory organ for crustaceans? | back 163 Antennal glands (green) |
front 164 What does the word “Uniramia” mean? | back 164 Do not branch |
front 165 What type of skeleton do arthropods use? | back 165 Exoskeleton |
front 166 Which members of uniramia have a head trunk tagmosis? | back 166 Diplopoda |
front 167 Which class of uniramia have a head thorax abdomen tagmosis? | back 167 Insecta |
front 168 What is the hormone that stimulates insects to shed? | back 168 Ecdysis |
front 169 Do arthropods have a schizocoelom or a deuterocoelom? | back 169 Schizocoelom |
front 170 What are the additional hearts that pump blood as insects fly or walk? | back 170 Thoracic heart |
front 171 What are the excretory organs of spiders? | back 171 Malpighian tubules |
front 172 What are the first pair of feeding appendages in spiders? | back 172 Claws |
front 173 How many antennae to chelicerates have? | back 173 None |
front 174 What is the long tail of the horseshoe crab called? | back 174 Telson |
front 175 What are the respiratory organs of chelicerates? | back 175 Book gills |
front 176 What is the class for scorpions? | back 176 Class Chelicerata |
front 177 What are some diseases that ticks can vector? | back 177 Lyme Disease and RMSF |
front 178 Are crustacean appendages uniramous or biramous? | back 178 Biramous |
front 179 Which crustaceans form the major portion of the diet of commercial fish? | back 179 Copepods |
front 180 What is the subclass for barnacles? | back 180 Subclass Theocostraca |
front 181 What is the subclass for lobsters? | back 181 Subclass Decapoda |
front 182 Which crustaceans are terrestrial? | back 182 Sow/pill bugs |
front 183 Which crustaceans form a major portion of the diet of baleen whales? | back 183 Krill (Malacostraca) |
front 184 Are insect appendages uniramous or biramous? | back 184 Uniramous |
front 185 Are millipedes predators? | back 185 Not predators |
front 186 What is the study of insects called? | back 186 Entomology |
front 187 What’s the order for locusts? | back 187 Order Orthoptera |
front 188 What’s the order for dragonflies? | back 188 Order Odonata |
front 189 What’s the order for mantises? | back 189 Order Mantodea |
front 190 What’s the order for termites? | back 190 Order Blattodea |
front 191 What’s the order for mosquitoes? | back 191 Order Diptera |
front 192 What’s the order for stink bugs? | back 192 Order Hemiptera |
front 193 What’s the order for honey bees? | back 193 Order Hymenopterans |
front 194 What is the name for the blood of insects? | back 194 Hemolymph |
front 195 What portion of the young adult population harbors mites? | back 195 99% |
front 196 Crustacean gills have what function(s)? | back 196 Ion transport and osmoregulation |
front 197 What is the subphylum for crayfish? | back 197 Subphylum Crustacea |
front 198 What is the major characteristic that differentiates starfish from insects? | back 198 Blastopore development |
front 199 What is the structure that brings water into a starfish’s water vascular system? | back 199 Madreporite |
front 200 What is the fluid filled sac at the base of a starfish’s tube feet? | back 200 Ampulla |
front 201 How do starfish feed on bivalve mollusks? | back 201 Insert their stomach into the bivalve shell and digest it from within |
front 202 What is the typical symmetry for sea stars? | back 202 Penta-radial |
front 203 What is the class for brittlestars? | back 203 Class Ophinroidea |
front 204 What is the class for sea urchins? | back 204 Class Echinoidea |
front 205 What is the class for featherstars? | back 205 Class Crinoidea |
front 206 What is the class for sea cucumbers? | back 206 Class Holothuroidea |
front 207 Are echinoderms protostomes or deuterostomes? | back 207 Deuterostomes |
front 208 Do echinoderms have a schizocoelom or a enterocoelom? | back 208 Entercorelom |
front 209 What is the subphylum for tunicates? | back 209 Subphylum Urochordata |
front 210 What is the subphylum for amphioxus? | back 210 Subphylum Cephalochordata |
front 211 What organ gives subphylum Chordata its name? | back 211 Notochord |
front 212 What is meant by hermaphroditic (scientific term)? | back 212 Has both reproductive organs |
front 213 What cells secrete the tunic in sea squirts? | back 213 Morula cells |
front 214 Do tunicates undergo direct development? | back 214 No |
front 215 Define the following and give examples of each: Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, Wormian bones, sesamoid bones | back 215 Long (tibia, fibular, and femur), short (wrist and ankles), flat (ribs and sternum), irregular (vertebrae), Wormian (island of bones imbedded with sutures), sesamoid (patella) |
front 216 What type of bone is the patella? | back 216 Sesamoid |
front 217 Know the difference between the axial & appendicular skeletons. | back 217 Axial is made up of bones in your head, neck, back, and chest. Appendicular is made up of everything else. |
front 218 What is a synovial joint? | back 218 A joint found between bones that move against each other and is a fluid filled cavity |
front 219 What is a Hinge joint/ Example? | back 219 Serves to allow motion primarily in one plane (elbows, knee) |
front 220 What is a ball and socket joint? Example? | back 220 Allows for freedom of movement in all directions (shoulders, hips) |
front 221 What type of joint is found between intervertebral disks? | back 221 Amphiarthrosis |
front 222 Vertebrates are distinguished from other chordates by what characteristic? | back 222 They have backbones |
front 223 Which vertebrate was the first we studied that showed internal fertilization? | back 223 Fish (sharks) |
front 224 Are fish ectothermic or endothermic? Amphibians? Reptiles? Birds? Mammals? | back 224 Ectotherms |
front 225 What is the pigment found in the lower layers of the epidermis that protects mitotic cells from UV radiation? (You might need to reference the Tissues lecture.) | back 225 Melanin |
front 226 How many chambers does a Fish heart have? Name these chambers. | back 226 One atrium and one ventricle |
front 227 Fish blood makes how many circuits during circulation? | back 227 Single circuit |
front 228 What class of parasitic fish possesses an oral disc? | back 228 Lampreys, Agnatha |
front 229 What is the primary function of a fish’s swim bladder? | back 229 Buoyancy |
front 230 What is a secondary function of a fish’s swim bladder (in some species)? | back 230 Lungs |
front 231 What type of gills do fish have? | back 231 Lamellar |
front 232 What structure covers the gills of sharks? | back 232 Gill slit |
front 233 What is the function of the semi circular canals in sharks? | back 233 Equilibrium |
front 234 What are the electro receptive organs of sharks? | back 234 Ampullae of Lorenzini |
front 235 What is the term that describes the movement of blood through gill capillaries in one direction and the movement of water over the gill surfaces in the opposite direction? | back 235 Countercurrent flow |
front 236 What is the respiration by fish whereby they use continual swimming to move water of the gills? | back 236 Ram ventilation |
front 237 What is Opercular pumping? | back 237 Moving water over the gill by the operculum |
front 238 In addition to respiration, fish gills are also used for? | back 238 Osmotic regulation |
front 239 What is the primary osmotic challenge for a fish in a marine environment? | back 239 Dehydration |
front 240 Marine fish _______________ water by osmosis from the gills compensate by drinking lots of seawater and using by using the gills for active transport of Na+ and CL out of the body | back 240 Lose |
front 241 What is the primary osmotic challenge for a fish in a freshwater environment? | back 241 Waterlogged |
front 242 Freshwater fish _______________ water by osmosis from the gills compensate by excreting excess water in the urine and by using the gills for active transport of Na+ and Cl into the body. | back 242 Gain |
front 243 What are some other marine animals use salt glands? Where are the glands located? | back 243 Marine iguanas, salt crocodile, sea birds/ tongue |
front 244 What is Diadromous? | back 244 Migrate from both salt & freshwater |
front 245 What is Anadromous? Examples? | back 245 Migrate from salt to fresh to reproduce (salmonids, stiped bass) |
front 246 What is Catadromous? Examples? | back 246 Migrate from fresh to sea to reproduce (American eel spawns in the sargasso sea) |
front 247 What does Euryhaline mean? | back 247 Able to tolerate a wide variety of salinity extremes |
front 248 What are the copulatory organs used by male sharks? | back 248 Claspers |
front 249 Label the following structures on a shark: dorsal fin, pectoral fin, caudal fin, pelvic fin, gill slits, spiracle | back 249 Look at pictures |
front 250 How do the largest sharks and rays feed? | back 250 Filter feeders |
front 251 How does an amphibian’s heart differ from a fish’s heart? | back 251 Amphibians have 3 hearts and fish have 2 hearts |
front 252 What is the process by which a larval frog / tadpole transforms into an adult frog? | back 252 Metamorphosis |
front 253 How do “lungless” terrestrial salamanders respire? | back 253 Cutaneous |
front 254 What type of pressure do frogs use in buccopharyngeal respiration? | back 254 Positive |
front 255 What is the term for an adult salamander that retains juvenile characteristics, such as gills? | back 255 Neoteny |
front 256 What is the term for the terrestrial juvenile stage of the Eastern Newt? | back 256 EFT |
front 257 What is the warning display given by newts to potential predators? | back 257 Unken |
front 258 What is the form of amplexus whereby a male frog grasps the female under the front legs? | back 258 Axillary |
front 259 What is the form of amplexus whereby a male frog grasps the female around the waist? | back 259 Anguinal |
front 260 What is the form of amplexus whereby a male frog grasps the female around the neck / head? | back 260 Cephalic |
front 261 What is the only amphibian to have a copulatory organ (first copulatory organ among terrestrial vertebrates)? | back 261 Caecilian |
front 262 What are Fat bodies? | back 262 Large, yellow |
front 263 What is the order for frogs and toads? | back 263 Anura |
front 264 How does the amphibian heart differ from the bird heart? | back 264 Bird have 4 hearts and amphibian has 3 hearts |
front 265 Amphibians & non crocodilian reptiles have how many chambers in the heart? Name these chambers. | back 265 2 atria, 1 ventricle |
front 266 What is the route of blood through the amphibian and non crocodilian reptile heart and circulation? | back 266 Ventricle to lungs and body, lungs to left atrium, body to right atrium, both atria to ventricle |
front 267 Snakes & Lizards name of paired copulatory organs? | back 267 Hemipenes |
front 268 What is the membrane in a snake egg that forms an “artificial pool” for the embryo? | back 268 Amnion |
front 269 What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes reptiles from amphibians? | back 269 Amniotic eggs |
front 270 What is the sequence of blood flow in a snake’s circulatory system? | back 270 Same as the non-crocodilian |
front 271 Reptile nephrons lack a Loop of Henle. They compensate by using the _______________ for water reabsorption. | back 271 Cloaca |
front 272 What is the specialized chemosensory organ used by snakes and some lizards? | back 272 Jacobson’s organ |
front 273 If an animal is limb less, has eyelids, and external ear openings, is it a snake or a lizard? | back 273 Lizard |
front 274 What is the suborder for lizards? | back 274 Sauria |
front 275 What type of fangs do the snakes in family viperidae have? | back 275 Hinged, front |
front 276 The heat sensing pit organs of pit vipers sense what type of light energy? | back 276 Infrared |
front 277 Cobras are members of snake family elapidae, which have what type of venom? | back 277 Neurotoxin |
front 278 How does the tuatara differ from other reptiles? | back 278 No copulatory organ |
front 279 What is the order for turtles? | back 279 Testudines |
front 280 What is the name of the only member of order Rhynchocephalia that is endemic to New Zealand? | back 280 Tuataras |
front 281 What is the name for the dorsal portion of the turtle shell? | back 281 Carapace |
front 282 Sex ratio in reptiles is primarily determined by what? | back 282 Incubation temperature |
front 283 Crocodilians are distinguished from other reptiles by what? | back 283 4 heart |
front 284 What is the specialized structure that allows snakes to breathe while eating? | back 284 Glottis |
front 285 Do snakes show ovipary? Ovovivipary? Vivipary? | back 285 All |
front 286 Crocodilians, birds, & mammals have how many chambers in the heart? Name these chambers. | back 286 2 atria, 2ventricle |
front 287 What is the route of blood through the crocodilian, bird, & mammal heart and circulation? | back 287 Right ventricle to lungs, lungs to left atrium, left ventricle to body, body to right atrium |
front 288 What characteristic distinguishes ALL birds from reptiles? | back 288 Feathers |
front 289 What are the gas exchange organs in birds? | back 289 Parabronchi |
front 290 Bird respiration follows what sequence? | back 290 Posterior air sacs, parabronchi, anterior air sacs, goes outside |
front 291 In Birds, females have reduced reproductive system. What purpose might this serve? | back 291 Reduce their body weight |
front 292 What term describes chicks which are born with feathers, read to run or swim? | back 292 Precocial |
front 293 What is the order for woodpeckers? | back 293 Piciformes |
front 294 What is the only species of woodpecker to excavate cavities in live pine trees? | back 294 Cockaded woodpecker |
front 295 What is the mating strategy where a single male mates with multiple females during a breeding season? | back 295 Polygyny |
front 296 What is the mating strategy where a single female mates with multiple males during a breeding season? | back 296 Polyandry |
front 297 What is a bird’s voice box called? | back 297 Syrinx |
front 298 Why do birds migrate? | back 298 Avoid climate extremes, increase breeding space, utilize more abundant food sources |
front 299 Which brooding strategy is most common among birds? | back 299 Female alone incubates egg |
front 300 Which birds lack a keeled sternum? | back 300 Lesser rhea |
front 301 What is precocial? | back 301 Leave after birth |
front 302 What is altricial? | back 302 Stays for weeks on |
front 303 Most mammals are differentiated from birds by the presence of what reproductive structure? | back 303 Mammary glands |
front 304 What are Portal systems? Know which is which: Hepatic, Renal, & Hypophyseal. | back 304 Blood from one organs goes through veins into another organ before going to hear/ hepatic~ intestine to liver/ renal~ tail to kidney/ hypophyseal~ hypothalamus into pituitary gland |
front 305 What type of mammal is an echidna? | back 305 Monotremes |
front 306 What type of mammal is an opossum? | back 306 Marsupial |
front 307 What is the order for even toed hoofed mammals? | back 307 Arteodactilla |
front 308 What is the order for odd toed hoofed mammals? | back 308 Parasodactilla |
front 309 What is the name for mammalian herbivores that chew their cud? | back 309 Ruminants |
front 310 What is the energy source in Ruminants? | back 310 VFAs |
front 311 What is the protein source in Runimants? | back 311 Microorganisms |
front 312 What are the four stomachs of Bison and other ruminants? | back 312 Rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum |
front 313 What is the order, from beginning to end, through which food passes in a ruminant’s stomach? | back 313 Rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum |
front 314 Which mammals are Foregut fermenters? Which mammals are Hindgut fermenters? | back 314 Foregut=deer, cattle, leaf eating monkeys, hindgut= rabbits, horses, rodents, flying lemurs |
front 315 What is the relative length of small intestine in herbivores vs. carnivores? | back 315 Herbivores have much longer intestines because its easier to digest meat |
front 316 List comparisons and contrasts of foregut versus hindgut fermenters | back 316 Microbres=foregut~before and digested, hindgut~after and is not digested/VFA is a source of energy of both/foregut diet is low and hindgut is high/throughout rate is low in foregut and high in hindgut/ efficiency of cellulose is high in foregut and slow in hindgut |
front 317 Which is more efficient at utilizing cellulose, hindgut or foregut fermenters? | back 317 Foregut fermenters |
front 318 What is Coprophagy in rabbits? | back 318 Rabbits eat the special pellet |
front 319 Why do Carnivores have much shorter intestines? | back 319 Meat can pass through quicker |
front 320 What are the organs and their function in the Male mammal reproductive system? | back 320 Testes- male gonads, penis, erectile copulatory organs |
front 321 What are the organs and their function in the Female mammal reproductive system? | back 321 Ovaries-female gonads and uterus |
front 322 What is the primary characteristic defining Mammals? | back 322 Hair/fur |
front 323 What are the Four primary types of uteri in vertebrates? Give examples | back 323 Duplex, bipartite, bicornuate, simplex |
front 324 Which mammals are capable of true flight? | back 324 Bats |
front 325 What is the order for rabbits? | back 325 Lagomorpha |
front 326 What is the order for whales? | back 326 Cetaceans |
front 327 What characteristics allow mammals to better conserve heat? | back 327 Blubber, hair, thick skin, high metabolism |
front 328 What are the premolars in wolves called? | back 328 Carnassial |
front 329 What type of mammal is an opossum? | back 329 Marsupial |
front 330 What type of animal is an echidna? | back 330 Monotreme |
front 331 Do monotremes have nipples for nursing their young? | back 331 No they have mammary gland ducts |
front 332 Are marsupial young precocial? | back 332 Altricial |
front 333 Which mammals undertake long seasonal migrations? Which do not? | back 333 Whale does, bats doesn’t |
front 334 Which mammal(s) has a bipartite uterus? | back 334 Water buffalo |
front 335 What is the pathway of air travel to the lungs of mammals? | back 335 Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli |
front 336 Label the stomachs of a bison | back 336 Rumen, omasum, abomasum, reticulum |
front 337 What is the use of self produced sound for navigation? | back 337 Echolocation |
front 338 What type of hair is dense and soft and provides insulation? | back 338 Under hairs |
front 339 In what way are other mammals different from monotremes and marsupials? | back 339 They have a placenta |
front 340 Which chamber of the heart helps return low pressure deoxygenated blood to enter the mammalian heart? | back 340 Right atrium |
front 341 What is Mullerian mimicry? | back 341 Two species share similar anti-predator characteristics and co-mimic each other |
front 342 What is Batesian mimicry? | back 342 A behavior in which preys look like or behaves like a distasteful or poisonous species |
front 343 What is a Population? | back 343 Groups of individuals of the same species living in the same area |
front 344 What is a species range? | back 344 The area where a particular species can be found during its lifetime |
front 345 What is a demography? | back 345 Quantitative study of changes in the characteristics of populations |
front 346 What is population size? | back 346 Number of individuals in the population |
front 347 What is abundance? | back 347 Same as population size |
front 348 What is complete enumeration? | back 348 Count every individual in the population |
front 349 What is population sampling? | back 349 Estimating of a population when complete enumeration is not feasible |
front 350 What is mark recapture? | back 350 Recapturing individuals within a restricted period soon after marking |
front 351 What is radio telemetry? | back 351 Best way to determine spatial patterns and movement, activity patterns, and survival of individuals in a population |
front 352 What is population density? | back 352 Number of individuals in a given area or volume |
front 353 What is dispersion? | back 353 Pattern of spacing among individuals in the population |
front 354 What is a clumped dispersion? | back 354 Individuals aggregate in patches; influenced by resource availability and behavior |
front 355 What is a uniform dispersion? | back 355 Individuals are evenly distributed; influenced by social interactions |
front 356 What is a random dispersion? | back 356 Position of each individual is independent of other individuals |
front 357 What is age structure? | back 357 Number of individuals at different ages |
front 358 What is age distribution? | back 358 Proportion of individuals at different ages |
front 359 What is sex ratio? | back 359 Proportion of individuals of each sex |
front 360 What is population variability? | back 360 Differences among individuals in the population |
front 361 What is sexual dimorphism? | back 361 Sexes differ greatly in appearance |
front 362 What is metamorphosis? | back 362 Dramatic transformation as they age |
front 363 What is immigration? | back 363 Simply to movement of an organism to an area |
front 364 What is emigration? | back 364 The movement of something away from a location |
front 365 What is a J shaped curve? | back 365 Curve shape that reflects exponential growth |
front 366 What is an exponential curve? | back 366 Initial lots of offspring then levels out |
front 367 What is a S shaped curve? | back 367 Population growth is limited by external factors |
front 368 What is a logistic curve? | back 368 Population growth is limited by external factors |
front 369 What is carrying capacity? | back 369 Maximum of number of individuals habitats can sustain |
front 370 What are limiting resources? | back 370 Food, water, light, nesting sites, refugia, dens |
front 371 What is a r strategy? | back 371 Many, small young. Little or no parental care. Low survival |
front 372 What is a K strategy? | back 372 Few, large young. Parental care. High survival |
front 373 What is a density dependent factor? | back 373 Limiting factor; competition, predation, parasitism and disease |
front 374 What is a density independent factor? | back 374 Human disturbances, drought and other climate extremes |
front 375 What is predation? | back 375 Predator increase and prey decrease |
front 376 What is competition? | back 376 Competition for critical resources |
front 377 What is interspecific competition? | back 377 Competition between RCW and other non-RCW cavity (other woodpeckers, owls, flying squirrels) |
front 378 What is intraspecific competition? | back 378 Competition between RCW and RCW (ex. Red cockaded woodpecker) |
front 379 What is resource partitioning? | back 379 A way to reduce competition (ex. Pacific salmon hatch in the streams and migrate and comes back to reproduce) |
front 380 What is territoriality? | back 380 Area from which individuals of the same species are excluded especially the same sex (ex. tiger marking) |
front 381 What is migration? | back 381 Moving to another habitat for food, better conditions, or reproductive needs |
front 382 What is a metapopulation? | back 382 Groups of populations linked by immigration and emigration (island populations) |
front 383 What is life history? | back 383 Timing of reproduction and death of an organism |
front 384 What is iteroparity? | back 384 Reproductive strategy of producing few, large young, having parental care, and marked by high survival |
front 385 What is semelparity? | back 385 Large numbers but never provide parental care for the offspring once they’re born |
front 386 What is altricial? | back 386 Stay for 2+ weeks with parents |
front 387 What is precocial? | back 387 Leave immediately after birth |
front 388 What is a life table? | back 388 Age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population |
front 389 What is a cohort? | back 389 Group of organisms born at the same time |
front 390 What is mortality rate? | back 390 Proportion of individuals that start an interval of time alive but are dead by the end of the interval |
front 391 What is survivorship? | back 391 Percentage of an original population that survives to a given age |
front 392 What is a survivorship curve? | back 392 Probability of cohorts surviving to different ages |
front 393 What is a Type I curve? | back 393 Most individuals live to adulthood with most mortality occurring during old age (ex. Humans, red deer, elephants) |
front 394 What is a Type II curve? | back 394 Straight, individual’s chance of dying is independent of its age (small birds and mammals) |
front 395 What is a Type III curve? | back 395 Concave, few individuals live to adulthood, with the chance of dying decreasing with age (ex. snapping turtle, oysters, redwood trees) |
front 396 What is a Community? | back 396 All population of different species interacting with one another in the same environment |
front 397 What is scale? | back 397 Size of a community |
front 398 What is spatial structure? | back 398 Distribution of species relative to each other |
front 399 What is temporal structure? | back 399 The timing of the appearance and activity of species |
front 400 What is species richness? | back 400 The number of species in a community |
front 401 What is species diversity? | back 401 The relative abundance of different species |
front 402 What is a dominant species? | back 402 Most successful and competitive and the highest abundance or biomass a community |
front 403 What is a keystone predator? | back 403 A predator that controls the population of a dominant species (ex. mussels) |
front 404 What is a fundamental niche? | back 404 Set of resources and habitats an organism could theoretically use under ideal conditions |
front 405 What is a realized niche? | back 405 Set of resources and habitats an organism uses (due to environmental factors such as competition) |
front 406 What is the competitive exclusion principle? | back 406 Two species compete for the same limiting resource, one will survive and the other will be driven to extinction |
front 407 What is neutralism? | back 407 Any interacting that does occur are indirect or incidental (ex. the tarantulas living in a desert and the cacti living in a desert) |
front 408 What is amensalism? | back 408 One species suffers and the other interacting species experiences no effect (ex. Redwood trees falling into the ocean become floating battering-rams during storms, killing large numbers of mussels and other inter-tidal organisms) |
front 409 What is commensalism? | back 409 One species benefit and the other is unaffected( birds nesting in a trees) |
front 410 What is mutualism? | back 410 Benefits both(bees and the plants they pollinate) |
front 411 What is optimal foraging theory? | back 411 Optimal pattern of foraging (ex. crows dropping snails) |
front 412 What is the hierarchical model of habitat selection? | back 412 Geographical range, home range, habitat types used, microhabitats |
front 413 What factors influence habitat selection? | back 413 Breeding, nesting/cover/hibernacula/refugia, foraging/feeding areas |
front 414 What is habitat fragmentation? | back 414 Break up of habitats into smaller patches |
front 415 What is ecotone? | back 415 Fragmentation of forests creates more edge habitat |
front 416 What is primary succession? Give some examples. | back 416 Begins in a virtually lifeless area where soil has not yet been established |
front 417 What is secondary succession? Give some examples. | back 417 Growth of vegetation in a flood plain after a flood |
front 418 What is a pioneer species? | back 418 Early colonizers that carry out life processes and begin to modify habitat |
front 419 What is a climax community? | back 419 Final stage in successions |
front 420 What species dominate a climax community? | back 420 Trees |
front 421 What is biogeography? | back 421 The study of distribution of species and ecosystems |
front 422 What is relative abundance? | back 422 The number of individuals of each species and some combinations of these two factors |
front 423 What do we see in latitudinal species richness gradients? | back 423 Fewer species at the pole and more at the equator |
front 424 What do we see in species area relationships? | back 424 The larger the geographic are, the greater the number of species |
front 425 How does the number of species influence immigration and extinction? | back 425 Immigration decreases, extinction increases |
front 426 How does island size influence immigration and extinction rates? | back 426 Immigration increases, extinction decreases |
front 427 How does distance from the mainland influence immigration and extinction rates? | back 427 Immigration increase. Extinction decreases |
front 428 What is the greatest limiting factor for RCW populations? | back 428 Lack of cavity trees |
front 429 What is unique about the pine trees in which RCWs nest, compared to those in which other woodpecker species nest? | back 429 Heartwood decay helps birds to excavate cavitites into pine heartwood |
front 430 What is the best measure of RCW population size (how would you determine the population size)? | back 430 Births, deaths, immigration, emigration |
front 431 What is an Ecosystem? | back 431 A community and its physical environment |
front 432 What is the biosphere? | back 432 All groupings of species on earth, existing in air and water, and on land |
front 433 What are biomes? | back 433 Major ecosystems on earth by flora, fauna, climatic conditions, physical features, geography |
front 434 Which biome has the least rainfall? | back 434 Desert |
front 435 Which biome has the greatest number grazing mammals? | back 435 Tropical savanna |
front 436 What is the local ecosystem in Escambia, Co., AL? | back 436 Pine forest |
front 437 The ultimate goal of conservation biology is ____________________ in the wild instead of _____________________ of species in museums and zoos (see last slide of PPT). | back 437 Conversation, preservation |
front 438 What is the study of fungi called? | back 438 Mycology |
front 439 What is a person who studies fungi called? | back 439 Mycologist |
front 440 What are 7 characteristics of fungi? | back 440 Eukaryotes, cell walls composed of Chitin, reproduce by spores, nonmotile throughout their life cycle, heterotrophic by absorption, most are multicellular |
front 441 What is the primary component of fungi cell walls? | back 441 Chitin |
front 442 What is a saprotroph? | back 442 Organisms that decompose organic matter |
front 443 What are the thread like filaments that make up a fungus? | back 443 Hyphae |
front 444 What is the body of a fungus called? | back 444 Mycelium |
front 445 What are Septate Hyphae? | back 445 Tiny pores |
front 446 What are Nonseptate Hyphae? | back 446 Doesn’t have true septa with pores, they are one continuous cell |
front 447 What are rhizoids? | back 447 Specialized that anchor some fungi to substrates |
front 448 What are haustoria? | back 448 Specialized hyphae used by parasitic fungi to absorb nutrients directly from the cells of other organisms |
front 449 What is the pileus? | back 449 Cap of the mushroom |
front 450 What are lamellae? | back 450 Gills |
front 451 What is the annulus? | back 451 Ring like structure |
front 452 What is the stipe? | back 452 stalk |
front 453 Name three ways that fungi can reproduce asexually? Define each. | back 453 Cell fission, budding, asexual |
front 454 What are the functions of fungal spores? | back 454 Produced during the sexual and asexual stages, dispersed by wind, survive unfavorable nutrition and environmental conditions, adaptation to land, grow directly into new fungus |
front 455 What are three techniques that predatory fungi use to capture prey? | back 455 Hyphae ring traps, secrete anesthetizing substances, secrete sticky substance on hyphae |
front 456 To which division do fungi that are mutualistic with plant roots belong? | back 456 Mycorrhizae |
front 457 How is the relationship between plants and mycorrhizae mutualistic (what do they give each other)? | back 457 Increasing the root abilities to absorb nutrients and water available in the soil |
front 458 What are ectomycorrhizae? | back 458 Surrounds but does not penetrate cells |
front 459 What are endomycorrhizae? | back 459 Penetrates cells and forms arbuscles |
front 460 How can plants communicate with one another? | back 460 They allow them to share information like a highway and nutrients pipeline all in one |
front 461 What types of nutrients do plants share through mycorrhizae? | back 461 Sugar and lipids |
front 462 What do we call fungi that are mutualistic with a cynobacteria or algae photosynthetic partner? | back 462 Lichens |
front 463 What is a crustose lichen? | back 463 Crusty fungi |
front 464 What is a foliose lichen? | back 464 Leaf-like fungi |
front 465 What is a fruticose lichen? | back 465 Shrub-like fungi |
front 466 To which group do unicellular fungi, lacking mycelia belong? | back 466 Chytrids |
front 467 Name a disease that we discussed in which chytrids parasitize plants? | back 467 Syncytium endobioticum |
front 468 Name a disease that we discussed in which chytrids parasitize amphibians? | back 468 Batrachochytrium |
front 469 Black bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifera) is well known member of which fungal division? | back 469 Zygospore |
front 470 Most members of Division Zygomycota are _______________, meaning they have aseptate (non septate) hyphae and are multinucleated. | back 470 Coenocytic |
front 471 What is a sporangiophore? | back 471 A structure or stalk that bears one or more sporangia |
front 472 What is a sporangium? | back 472 A receptacle in which asexual spores are formed |
front 473 What is a spore? | back 473 Produced during the sexual and asexual stages |
front 474 What is a gametangium (pl. gametangia)? | back 474 An organ or cell in which gametes are produced |
front 475 What is a zygospore? | back 475 A large store of food reserved and a thick, resistant cell wall |
front 476 What is a zygosporangium? | back 476 A sporangium in which zygospores are produced |
front 477 What causes the swelling on a hat thrower fungus sporangiophore to swell and split, shooting the sporangium over 2 meters away? | back 477 Pilobolus crystallinus |
front 478 Members of division usually have ___________ hyphae that are perforated. | back 478 Septate |
front 479 What is a conidiophore? | back 479 Stalk |
front 480 What is a conidium? | back 480 A spore produced asexually by various fungi at the tip of a specialized hypha |
front 481 What is an ascocarp? | back 481 Formed from interwoven hyphae on the larger mycelium |
front 482 What is an ascus? | back 482 Sac-like structure within haploid ascospores |
front 483 What is an ascospore? | back 483 ascus |
front 484 What are the asexual spores found in Ascomycota? | back 484 Conidia |
front 485 The yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a member of Division __________, and is used in making __________ (what toast is made from). | back 485 Ascomycota, yeast |
front 486 Which ascomycete causes thrush? | back 486 Candida |
front 487 Morels are ____________, often associated with elms, and are members of Division ____________. | back 487 Sexual, Ascomycota |
front 488 What are the edible, mycorhizzal sac fungi associated with oak and beech tree roots? | back 488 Truffle |
front 489 What is the disease caused by the ascomycete, Endothia parasitica, that decimated the chestnut tree populations? | back 489 Chestnut bright |
front 490 What is the disease caused by the ascomycete, Ophiostoma ulmi, that decimated the elm tree populations? | back 490 Dutch Elm Disease |
front 491 One of the primary uses of the ascomycete ______________ is giving cheeses their distinctive appearances, flavors, odors, and textures? | back 491 Penicillium |
front 492 The antibiotic penicillin, discovered by Alexander Fleming, is made by the ascomycete ________. | back 492 Penicillium |
front 493 What are the secondary metabolites, released by Aspergillus, that are carcinogenic? | back 493 Aflatoxins |
front 494 What are two human skin diseases caused by members of Division Ascomycota, which outcompete skin bacteria by secreting antibiotics? | back 494 Dermatophyte deuteromycetes, Aspergillus |
front 495 What is the disease in dogwood trees caused by the ascomycete, Discula destructiva? | back 495 Dogwood anthracnose |
front 496 What is the disease, caused by the ascomycete Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola, that causes skin lesions and tissue destruction in snakes, sometimes killing the snake? | back 496 Ophidiomycosis |
front 497 Member of Division Basidiomycota have septate hyphae that are ________. | back 497 Club fungi |
front 498 What is a basidiocarp? | back 498 An undifferentiated fruiting structure with a hymenium on the surface |
front 499 What is a basidium? | back 499 Made up of sexually reproduced bodies |
front 500 What is a basidiospore? | back 500 A mushroom would produce a sexual spore |
front 501 What is the disease caused by the human pathogenic basidiomycete, Cryptococcus, that is found worldwide in the soil? | back 501 Cryptococcus neoformans |
front 502 What is the club fungus that is parasitic on wheat and other cereal crops? | back 502 Rust |
front 503 What is the club fungus that is parasitic on corn and other cereal crops? | back 503 Smut |
front 504 To which Division (scientific and common name) do turkey tail fungi and shelf fungi belong? | back 504 Basidiomycota |
front 505 To which Division (scientific and common name) do puffballs and stinkhorns belong? | back 505 Basidiomycota |
front 506 What is soil? | back 506 A mixture of mineral particles |
front 507 What is a mineral? | back 507 An inorganic substance usually containing two or more elements; nutrients absorbed by roots |
front 508 What are essential nutrients? | back 508 Nutrients without which the plant will die |
front 509 What are macronutrients? | back 509 Essential nutrients that occur in greater relative concentrations in plants |
front 510 What are micronutrients? | back 510 Essential nutrients that occur in lesser relative concentrations in plants |
front 511 What are beneficial nutrients? | back 511 Nutrients either required for or that enhanced the growth of a particular plant |
front 512 What is hydroponics? | back 512 Water culture growing plants without soil in a water culture so that mineral requirements can be determined |
front 513 What is differential growth? | back 513 Controlled by hormones |
front 514 What are nastic movements and give examples? | back 514 Turgor pressure |
front 515 What is Turgor pressure? | back 515 Force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall |
front 516 What are hormones? | back 516 Chemical signals produced in low concentrations and active in other parts of plants |
front 517 What are auxins? | back 517 A plant hormone that promotes root formation and bud growth |
front 518 What is gravitropism? | back 518 Movement of plants in response to gravitational force |
front 519 What is phototropism? | back 519 Plant growth in response to a source of light |
front 520 What are Gibberellins? | back 520 Promotes stem elongation, allowing larger grapes to develop |
front 521 What are Cytokinins? | back 521 Promote cell division |
front 522 What is Ethylene? | back 522 Gas formed from amino acids methionine by ripe fruits |
front 523 What is Abscisic acid? | back 523 Promotes winter bud formation, stress hormone |
front 524 What is thigmotropism? | back 524 Growth in response to touch |
front 525 What are the pros and cons of phytoremediation? | back 525 Very effective, environmental impact/ slow, will not work unless it is added to soil |
front 526 What is alternation of generations? | back 526 Two multicellular individuals alternate |
front 527 What is the gametophyte generation? | back 527 Haploid generation |
front 528 What is the sporophyte generation? | back 528 Diploid generation |
front 529 Which generation is dominant? | back 529 Gametophyte |
front 530 What is Phylum Bryophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts) | back 530 mosses |
front 531 What is Phylum Hepatophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts) | back 531 liverworts |
front 532 What is Phylum Anthocerophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts) | back 532 hornworts |
front 533 Define and label Vein | back 533 Vascular bundle within a leaf |
front 534 Define and label Stem | back 534 Main axis or shoot of a plant |
front 535 Define and label Petiole | back 535 Stalk that attaches the leaf blade to the stem |
front 536 Define and label Blade | back 536 Wide portion of a foliage leaf |
front 537 Define and label Leaf | back 537 Lateral appendage of a stem contains photosynthetic cells |
front 538 Define and label Node | back 538 Point where leaves are attached to the stem |
front 539 Define and label Internode | back 539 Region between nodes |
front 540 Define and label Terminal bud | back 540 Developed at the apex of a shoot that allows stem to elongate |
front 541 Define and label Axillary bud | back 541 Located at a node in the upper angle between the leaf and stem; produces new branches of the stem or flowers |
front 542 Define and label Shoot system | back 542 Raises photosynthetic leaves toward sun |
front 543 Define and label Root system | back 543 underground part of all vascular plants |
front 544 Define and label Branch root | back 544 Lateral branch of the taproot |
front 545 Define and label Taproot | back 545 Primary root containing the apical meristem protected by the root cap |
front 546 Define and label Root hairs | back 546 Projections of root that increase surface area |
front 547 What are Rhizomes? | back 547 Underground, horizontal stems that survive winter and contribute to asexual reproduction (ex. Iris) |
front 548 What are Stolons? | back 548 Aboveground, horizontal stems that produce new plants at nodes (ex. Strawberry) |
front 549 What are Tubers? | back 549 Enlarged portions of rhizomes that function in food storage (ex. potato) |
front 550 What are Corms? | back 550 bulbous underground stems that lie dormant during winter and produce new plants the next growing season |
front 551 What are adventitious roots? | back 551 Developed from shoot system |
front 552 What are prop roots? | back 552 Corn, adventitious roots that emerge above the soil line, anchor plant |
front 553 What is a cuticle? | back 553 Covering for epidermal cells exposed to air, which minimizes water loss and protects against bacteria and diseases |
front 554 What is spongy mesophyll? | back 554 Area of the leaf composed of parenchyma tissue that is irregularly shaped and loosely spaced, allowing for increased surface area for gas exchange |
front 555 What is palisade mesophyll? | back 555 Area of the leaf composed of densely packed parenchyma tissue, containing chloroplasts, where photosynthesis occurs |
front 556 What are Stomata? | back 556 Pores on the underside of the leaf |
front 557 What are Guard cells? | back 557 Regulate opening/ closing of stomata |
front 558 What are Fibrous roots? | back 558 Lateral branches from the main roots |
front 559 What is a taproot? | back 559 Primary root gives rise to secondary roots |
front 560 What is the difference between a white potato and a sweet potato? | back 560 White potatoes are expanded rhizomes and sweet potatoes are modified roots |
front 561 What are mycorrhizae? | back 561 Mutualistic with plant roots |
front 562 What are root nodules? | back 562 Nitrogen-fixing bacteria |
front 563 What is Primary growth and where does it occur? | back 563 Growth that occurs in the primary meristems and increases plant length (ground, protoderm, procambium) |
front 564 What is Secondary growth and where does it occur? | back 564 Growth that increases girth of trunks, stems, branches, and roots |
front 565 What is meristem? | back 565 A type of tissue found in plants |
front 566 What is apical meristem? | back 566 Makes up the terminal bud |
front 567 Where is apical meristem found, in the shoot or in the roots? | back 567 taproot |
front 568 What is lateral meristem? | back 568 Occurs at the lateral areas of the plant |
front 569 What is procambium? | back 569 Forms primary xylem and primary phloem and vascular cambium |
front 570 What is ground meristem? | back 570 Forms ground tissue, like pith, cortex, pith |
front 571 What is protoderm? | back 571 Forms epidermis |
front 572 What is pith? | back 572 Mass of parenchymal cells |
front 573 What is cortex? | back 573 Region of parenchyma tissue between the epidermis and vascular tissue |
front 574 What is Parenchyma? | back 574 Least specialized ground tissue |
front 575 What is Collenchyma? | back 575 Ground tissue with thick, often lignified secondary cell walls |
front 576 What is Sclerenchyma? | back 576 Thick, secondary cell walls impregnated with lignin, making it woody by strengthening the plant but is not alive |
front 577 What is xylem? | back 577 Transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves |
front 578 What is phloem? | back 578 Transport sugars, organic compounds, hormones from the leaves to the roots |
front 579 What is Guttation? | back 579 Drops of water are forced out of vein endings along the edges of leaves |
front 580 Which tissue gives rise to the epidermis? | back 580 Protoderm |
front 581 Define and label cork? | back 581 Form cork and phelloderm |
front 582 Define and label bark? | back 582 Protect plants |
front 583 Define and label Vascular cambium? | back 583 Forms secondary xylem and secondary phloem |
front 584 Define and label Heartwood? | back 584 Dark, outermost rings |
front 585 Define and label Sapwood? | back 585 Light, outermost rings |
front 586 Define wood | back 586 Buildup of secondary xylem |
front 587 What is Phylum Psilophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts) | back 587 Whisk ferns |
front 588 What is Phylum Lycophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts) | back 588 Club mosses |
front 589 What is Phylum Sphenophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts) | back 589 Horsetails |
front 590 What is Phylum Pteridophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts) | back 590 Ferns |
front 591 What is Phylum Cycadophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts) | back 591 Cycads |
front 592 What is Phylum Ginkgophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts) | back 592 Ginkgos |
front 593 What is Phylum Gnetophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts) | back 593 Gnetum, ephedra, welwitschia |
front 594 What is Phylum Coniferophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts) | back 594 Cone, pines |
front 595 How can you identify a longleaf pine from other pines? | back 595 The longleaf bark is thicker than other pines |
front 596 What is Phylum Anthophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts) | back 596 Largest and youngest plant |
front 597 What is Class Monocotyledones? (Know some examples and basic facts) | back 597 One cotyledon in seed (iris,daylilies) |
front 598 What is Class Dicotyledones? (Know some examples and basic facts) | back 598 Two cotyledons in seeds (azaleas,dogwood) |
front 599 What is the monocot leaf venation? | back 599 Parallel |
front 600 What is the monotcot arrangement of xylem & phloem in stems? In roots? | back 600 A circle around the pith |
front 601 What is the monocot arrangement of flower parts? | back 601 Set of 3 |
front 602 How many cotyledons do monocots have? | back 602 one |
front 603 What is the dicot leaf venation? | back 603 Leaf veins form net pattern |
front 604 What is the dicot arrangement of xylem & phloem in stems? In roots? | back 604 Root phloem between arms of xylem in star shape |
front 605 What is the dicot arrangement of flower parts? | back 605 Four or five |
front 606 How many cotyledons do dicots have? | back 606 Two |
front 607 What is Palmate venation? | back 607 Major veins originate at the point of attachment of the blade to the petiole |
front 608 What is Pinnate venation? | back 608 Major leaf veins originate from points along a central main vein |
front 609 What are Simple leaves? | back 609 Undivided leaf |
front 610 What is an Alternate leaf arrangement? | back 610 1 leaf per node |
front 611 What is an opposite leaf arrangement? | back 611 2 leaves per node |
front 612 What is a whorled leaf arrangement? | back 612 3 or more per node |
front 613 What are compound leaves? | back 613 Leaf with blade divided into leaflets |
front 614 What are Pinnately compound leaves? | back 614 Butternut hickory, shagbark hickory, pecan |
front 615 What are Palmately compound leaves? | back 615 Virginia creeper |
front 616 Define and label Anther | back 616 Contains the four microsporangia or pollen sacs |
front 617 Define and label Filament | back 617 Slender stalk which bears the two-lobed anther |
front 618 Define and label Stamen | back 618 Collectively androecium |
front 619 Define and label Stigma | back 619 Sticky receptors of pollen grains |
front 620 Define and label Pollen tube | back 620 Deliver sperm cells to the female gametophyte |
front 621 Define and label Style | back 621 Elevates stigma |
front 622 Define and label Ovary | back 622 Swollen base which contains the gametophyte |
front 623 Define and label Ovule | back 623 Where female gametophyte |
front 624 Define and label Pistil | back 624 Is the female part of the flower |
front 625 Define and label Petal | back 625 Attracts pollinators |
front 626 Define and label Corolla | back 626 Refers to all of petals |
front 627 Define and label Sepal | back 627 Protects flower bud before it opens |
front 628 Define and label Calyx | back 628 Refers to all of the sepals |
front 629 What is a Complete flower? | back 629 Has all four parts(sepals, petals, stamen, carpels) |
front 630 What is an Incomplete flower? | back 630 Lacks one of the four parts (sepals, petals, stamen, carpels) |
front 631 What is a Perfect flower? | back 631 Flowers that contain both stamens and carpels |
front 632 What is an Imperfect flower? | back 632 Flowers that either has only stamens or only carpels, not both |
front 633 What does it mean for a plant to be Monoecious? | back 633 Plants having both staminate and carpellate flowers |
front 634 What does it mean for a plant to be Dioecious? | back 634 Plants having only staminate flowers or only carpellate flowers, not both |
front 635 What is Self pollination? | back 635 Pollen from a plant is transferred to stigma on same plant |
front 636 What is Cross pollination? | back 636 Pollen from one plant is transferred to stigma of another plant |
front 637 Define and give an example if a Samara | back 637 Winged, usually single seeded fruit (Maple, elm, ash, tree of heaven seeds) |
front 638 Define and give an example if a Aggregate fruit | back 638 A separate carpel from simple ovaries forming many fused fleshy fruits from a single flower (strawberries, raspberries, blackberries) |
front 639 Define and give an example if a True berry | back 639 Simple fleshy fruit having seeds and involving only the compound ovary wall (tomato, citrus fruits, melon) |
front 640 Define and give an example if a Multiple fruit | back 640 Derived from many flowers (Pineapple, fig, mulberry, breadfruit, sycamore) |
front 641 Define and give an example if a Drupe | back 641 A single seed produced from a simple ovary (peach, cherry, coconut, walnut) |