Social Processes:
Are the forms of interaction through which people relate to one another(to describe the types of interaction that occur in relationships)
Exchange:
the voluntary trade of tangible or intangible benefits (like a trade)
Competition:
is a struggle over scarce resources that is regulated by shared rules (Ex: basketball team, can have a positive/ negative outcome)
Groups:
a group is a collection of two or more people that has two special characteristics
Dyads:
groups with two members only (fragile)
Triads:
groups with three members even if one member leaves the group continues as a dyad
Reference groups:
are groups that individuals regularly compare themselves to
Primary groups:
are characterized by intimate face to face interactions
Secondary groups:
are formal large and impersonal
Choice shift:
group members opinions may become more similar overtime
Groupthink:
a special case of choice shift when pressures agree are strong that they stifle critical thinking
Social network:
is an individual's total set of relationships
Strong ties
re relationships characterized by intimacy emotional intensity and sharing(primary groups)
Weak ties:
are characterized by low intensity and low intimacy( secondary groups)
Milgram's experiment
obedience to authority and conformity
Intimate face to face interaction are typical of
Primary groups
William feels out of shape but when he compares himself to other men his age he realizes he is in better shape than most william is making use of a _____in order to evaluate himself
Reference group
Groups that are formal large and impersonal are called
Secondary groups
The experiments conducted by Stanley Milgram investigated the degree to which people will follow orders even if they believe they are causing harm to someone Milgram found it
There was complete conformity to the directions to administer potentially harmful shocks to others
Exchange cooperation and competitions are all examples of
Social processes
Interaction that occurs when people work together to achieve shared goals is called
Cooperation
Which of the following communication structures allows the greatest equality of participation
The all channel network pattern
Informal social controls:
our friends and others around us reward conformity and punish
Formal social controls:
the state of authorities discourage nonconformity (laws)
False enforcement
occurs when people enforce norms they themselves reject( hypocrite)
Deviance:
- refers to the the norm violations that typically result in disapproval or even punishment when encountered in a given community(is relative depends on the audience)
Symbolic interactions: three theoretical
- Differential association theory: argues that people learn to be deviant when more of their associates favor deviance than favor conformity
- Deterrence theory: suggests that deviance results when social sanctions provide insufficient rewards for conformity
- Labeling theory: is concerned with processes by which labels such as deviant come to be attached to specific people and specific behaviors
White collar:
refer to crimes committed by people of high social status in the course of their occupation
Victimless crimes
voluntary exchanges such as drug use prosition gambling and pornography are called victimless because those engaged in them think they are making free choices about free enterprise
Correlates of crime
Age: younger persons consistently have higher crimes rates
Sex: males commit more crimes
Social class: lower class people are significantly more likely to commit and be arrested for street crimes cooperate and white collar crimes are more likely among higher status individuals
Race: minorities are more likely to be cited arrested prosecuted and convicted
The criminal justice system
Retribution: society punishes offenders to avenge the victim and society
Prevention: by controlling offenders society keeps them from committing further crimes
Deterrence: punishment can scare previous offenders and nonoffenders away from a life of crime
Reform: building character and skills enables criminals to become law abiding members of society
Alan a 14 year old boy finds himself in a situation where he can steal a watch from Macy's he decides against the theft because he fears what others would think of him if they found out in this situation alan conforms to societys values because of
Informal social control
If caught cheating on this exam you are likely to be punished by the school this is a type of
Formal control
When sociologist stress that deviance is relative they mean that
Whether an act is regarded as deviant or not often depends on time place or individual
The social class most likely to engage in deviance is the
Lower class
Dianes aunts uncles parents and friends all take towels from the hotels where they stay diane also takes the towels everybody does it she reasons dianes deviance is best explained by
Differential association theory
Crimes committed by respectable people of high social status in the course of their occupations are known as
White collar crimes
When society punishes offenders to avenge the victim and society as a whole this is called
Retribution
Sending a juvenile delinquent to a boot camp rather than prison would be an example of
Reform
Elliot receives a very harsh sentence for committing a minor crime the hope is that he will think twice before committing another crime this tactic is called
Deterrence
Don and james were both inline for a big promotion the management decided to review all the projects on which each man had worked during the previous five years to determine who most deserved the promotion during the night before the men were to turn in their files james broke into dons office and tampered with his files to make it appear that don was irresponsible this is example of
Conflict
Nonprofit organizations designed to allow individuals an opportunity to pursue their shared interests collectively are known as
Voluntary associations
Race:
refers to a category of people treated as distinct based on physical characteristics to which social importance has been assigned
Ethnicity:
an ethnic group is a category whose members are thought to share a common origin and important elements of a common culture
Majority group:
is culturally economically and politically dominant
Minority group:
culturally economically and politically subordinate
Prejudice:
refers to an irrational negative attitude toward a category of people
Rocism:
the belief that inherited physical traits associated with racial groups determine abilities and characteristics of a group member and provide a legitimate basis for unequal treatment
Stereotype:
is a preconceived simplistic idea about the members of a group
Discrimination:
the unequal treatment if individuals on the basis of the category they belong to
Segregation:
the physical separation of minorities from the rest of the population
Institutional racism:
refers to situation in which everyday practices and social arrangements were assumed to be fair even though they systematically reproduce racial or ethnic inequality
White privilege:
refers to the benefits whites receive simply because they are white
A race is a category of people
With shared physical traits that are given social importance
Members of an ethnic group
Share a common origin and elements of culture
The sociological concept of the social construction of race means that
Race and ethnicity are socially constructed categories
When sociologist refer to a majority group they are referring to the
Group that is culturally economically and politically dominant
Females in the united states could be regarded as a minority group because they
Are culturally economically and politically subordinate to males
A ____ group is a group that is culturally economically and politically subordinate
Minority
Prejudice is
An irrationally based negative attitude toward categories of people
An irrational negative attitude held about a category of people is known as
Prejudice
- Mindy believes that african americans are simply not as intelligent as whites she says that grades on things like the SAT are an example of this she believes it is only fair that african americans therefore make less money than whites this is an example of
Racism
Stereotyping is
A belief that people who belong to the same category share common characteristics
Discrimination is
The unequal treatment of individuals on the basis of their memberships in categories
_____is an attitude______ is behavior
prejudice, discrimination
Segregation continues because of
Economic differences and continuing prejudice
The physical separation of minority and majority group members is called
Segregation
White receive often unacknowledged benefits and opportunities simply by virtue of being white collectively these are referred to as
White privilege
Hispanic americans are
Ethnic group