What are 7 characteristics of fungi?
Eukaryotes, cell walls composed of Chitin, reproduce by spores, nonmotile throughout their life cycle, heterotrophic by absorption, most are multicellular
What are rhizoids?
Specialized that anchor some fungi to substrates
What are haustoria?
Specialized hyphae used by parasitic fungi to absorb nutrients directly from the cells of other organisms
What is the pileus?
Cap of the mushroom
What are lamellae?
gills
What is the annulus?
The ring like structure
What is the stipe?
Stalk or stem
What are the functions of fungal spores?
Produced during the sexual and asexual stages, dispersed by wind, survive unfavorable nutrition and environmental conditions, adaptation to land, grow directly into new fungus
What are three techniques that predatory fungi use to capture prey?
Hyphae ring traps, secrete anesthetizing substances, secrete sticky substance on hyphae
To which division do fungi that are mutualistic with plant roots belong?
Mycorrhizae
How is the relationship between plants and mycorrhizae mutualistic (what do they give each other)?
Increasing the root abilities to absorb nutrients and water available in the soil
What are ectomycorrhizae?
Surrounds but does not penetrate cells
What are endomycorrhizae?
Penetrates cells and forms arbuscles
How can plants communicate with one another?
They allow them to share information like a highway and nutrient pipeline all in one
What types of nutrients do plants share through mycorrhizae?
Sugars and lipids
What do we call fungi that are mutualistic with a cynobacteria or algae photosynthetic partner?
Lichens
What is a crustose lichen?
Crusty fungi
What is a foliose lichen?
Leaf-like fungi
What is a fruticose lichen?
Shrub-like fungi
To which group do unicellular fungi, lacking mycelia belong?
Chytrids
Name a disease that we discussed in which chytrids parasitize plants?
Syncytium endobioticum
Name a disease that we discussed in which chytrids parasitize amphibians?
Batrachochytrium
Black bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifera) is well known member of which fungal division?
Zygospore
Most members of Division Zygomycota are _______________, meaning they have aseptate (non septate) hyphae and are multinucleated.
Coenocytic
What is a sporangiophore?
a structure or stalk that bears one or more sporangia
What is a sporangium?
a receptacle in which asexual spores are formed.
What is a spore?
Produced during the sexual and asexual stages
What is a gametangium (pl. gametangia)?
an organ or cell in which gametes are produced
What is a zygospore?
a large store of food reserves and a thick, resistant cell wall.
What is a zygosporangium?
a sporangium in which zygospores are produced
What causes the swelling on a hatthrower fungus sporangiophore to swell and split, shooting the sporangium over 2 meters away?
Pilobolus crystallinus
Members of division usually have ___________ hyphae that are perforated.
Septate
What is a conidiophore?
Stalks, aerial hypae
What is a conidium?
a spore produced asexually by various fungi at the tip of a specialized hypha.
What is an ascocarp?
Formed from interwoven hyphae on the larger mycelium
What is an ascus?
Sac like structure within haploid ascospores
What is an ascospore?
The ascus
What are the asexual spores found in Ascomycota?
Conidia
The yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a member of Division __________, and is used in making __________ (what toast is made from).
Ascomycota, yeast
Which ascomycete causes thrush?
Candida
Morels are ____________, often associated with elms, and are members of Division ____________.
Sexual, Ascomycota
What are the edible, mycorhizzal sac fungi associated with oak and beech tree roots?
Truffle
What is the disease caused by the ascomycete, Endothia parasitica, that decimated the chestnut tree populations?
Chestnut bright
What is the disease caused by the ascomycete, Ophiostoma ulmi, that decimated the elm tree populations?
Dutch Elm Disease
What are the secondary metabolites, released by Aspergillus, that are carcinogenic?
Aflaoxins
What are two human skin diseases caused by members of Division Ascomycota, which outcompete skin bacteria by secreting antibiotics?
dermatophyte deuteromycetes, Aspergillus
What is the disease in dogwood trees caused by the ascomycete, Discula destructiva?
Dogwood anthrasnose
What is the disease, caused by the ascomycete Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola, that causes skin lesions and tissue destruction in snakes, sometimes killing the snake?
Ophidiomycosis
Member of Division Basidiomycota have septate hyphae that are ________.
Club fungi
What is a basidiocarp?
an undifferentiated fruiting structure with a hymenium on the surface
What is a basidium?
Made up of sexually reproduced bodies
What is a basidiospore?
A mushroom would produce a sexual spore
What is the disease caused by the human pathogenic basidiomycete, Cryptococcus, that is found worldwide in the soil?
Cryptococcus neoformans
Define and give an example if a Samara
winged, usually single-seeded fruit (Maple, elm, ash, & tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus) seeds)
Define and give an example if a Aggregate fruit
a cluster of several separate carpels from simple ovaries forming many fused fleshy fruits, from a single flower(strawberries,raspberries,blackberries)
Define and give an example if a True berry
simple fleshy fruit having seeds and involving only the compound ovary wall (Tomato, citrus fruits, melons)
Define and give an example if a Multiple fruit
Derived from several to many flowers, whose parts more or less fuse(pineapple,fig,mulberry,breadfruit,sycamore)
Define and give an example if a Drupe
fleshy fruit with a pit containing a single seed produced from a simple ovary (peach, cherry, plum, coconut, walnut)
What is Palmate venation?
Major veins originate at the point of attachment of the blade to the petiole
What is Pinnate venation?
Major leaf veins originate from points along a central main vein
What are Simple leaves?
Undivided leaf
What is an Alternate leaf arrangement?
1 leaf per node
What is an opposite leaf arrangement?
2 leaves per node
What is a whorled leaf arrangement?
3 or more leaves per node
What are compound leaves?
Leaf with blade divided into leaflets
What are Pinnately compound leaves?
Butternut hickory, shagbark hickory, pecan
What are Palmately compound leaves?
Virginia creeper
Define and label Anther
Contains the four microsporangia or pollen sacs
Define and label Filament
Slender stalk which bears the two-lobed anther
Define and label Stamen
Collectively androecium
Define and label Stigma
Sticky receptor of pollen grains
Define and label Pollen tube
deliver sperm cells to the female gametophyte
Define and label Style
Elevates stigma
Define and label Ovary
swollen base which contains the
Define and label Ovule
where female gametophyte is produced
Define and label Pistil
is the female part of the flower
Define and label Petal
Attracts pollinators
Define and label Corolla
Refers to all of petals
Define and label Sepal
protect flower bud before it opens
Define and label Calyx
refers to all of the sepals
What is the dicot leaf venation?
Pinnate, palmate
What is the monotcot arrangement of xylem & phloem in stems? In roots?
A circle around the central pith
What is Phylum Bryophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts)
Moses
What is Phylum Hepatophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts)
liverworts
What is Phylum Anthocerophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts)
hornworts
Define and label Vein
Vascular bundle within a leaf
Define and label Stem
The main axis or shoot of a plant
Define and label Petiole
Stalk that attaches the leaf blade to the stem
Define and label Blade
Wide portion of a foliage leaf
Define and label Leaf
Lateral appendage of a stem, contains photosynthetic cells
Define and label Node
Point where leaves are attached to the stem
Define and label Internode
Region between nodes
Define and label Terminal bud
Region of primary meristem tissue that develops at the apex of a shoot that allows stem to elongate
Define and label Axillary bud
Region of primary/ axillary meristem tissue located at a node in the upper angle between the leaf and stem; can produce new branches of the stem or flowers
Define and label Shoot system
Raises photosynthetic leaves toward sun
Define and label Root system
The important underground part of all vascular plants
Define and label Branch root
Lateral branch of the taproot
Define and label Taproot
Primary root containing the apical meristem protected by the root cap
Define and label Root hairs
Projections of root that increase surface area
What are Rhizomes?
Underground horizontal stems
What are Stolons?
Aboveground horizontal stems
What are Tubers?
Enlarged portions of rhizomes that function in food storage
What are Corms?
bulbous underground stems that lie dormant during winter and produce new plants the next growing season
What are adventitious roots?
Develop from shoot system instead of root system
What are prop roots?
Adventitious roots that emerge above the soil line, anchor plant
What is a cuticle?
covering for epidermal cells exposed to air which minimizes water loss and protects against bacteria and disease
What is spongy mesophyll?
irregularly shaped and spaced cells bounded by air spaces, which increases surface area for gas exchange
What is palisade mesophyll?
densely packed region of elongated mesophyll
What are Stomata?
pores on undersurface of leaf that allows gas exchange, water loss also occurs functions by turgor pressure of guard cells
What are Guard cells?
Regulate opening/ closing of stomata
What are Fibrous roots?
Lateral branches from the main roots
What is a taproot?
Primary root gives rise to secondary roots
What is the difference between a white potato and a sweet potato?
White potatoes are expanded rhizomes and sweet are modified roots
What are mycorrhizae?
mutualistic associations between plant roots and fungal hyphae
What are root nodules?
Harbor mutualistic nitrogen-fixing bacteria
What is Primary growth and where does it occur?
Occurs at primary meristems increases length of plant
What is Secondary growth and where does it occur?
An increase in thickness or girth of the plant; in both stems and roots
What is meristem?
A type of tissue found in plants
What is apical meristem?
Give rise to the primary plant
Where is apical meristem found, in the shoot or in the roots?
At the growing tips of stems and roots
What is lateral meristem?
Occurs at the lateral areas of the plant
What is procambium?
Forms primary xylem and primary phloem and vascular cambium
What is ground meristem?
Forms ground tissues, such as pith, cortex, and pith rays; cortex forms cork cambium
What is protoderm?
Forms epidermis
What is pith?
Mass of parenchymal cells
What is cortex?
Region of parenchyma tissue between the epidermis and vascular tissue
What is Parenchyma?
Least specialized ground tissue
What is Collenchyma?
Ground tissue with unevenly thickened, nonlignified primary cell walls
What is Sclerenchyma?
Ground tissue with thick, often lignified secondary cell walls
What is xylem?
vascular tissue that transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves
What is phloem?
vascular tissue that transports sugars (sucrose), organic compounds, hormones, etc. from leaves to roots
What is Guttation?
when drops of water are forced out of vein endings along the edges of leaves
Which tissue gives rise to the epidermis?
protoderm
Define and label cork?
Forms cork and phelloderm
Define and label bark?
Protect plants
Define and label Vascular cambium?
Forms secondary xylem and secondary phloem
Define and label Heartwood?
Darker, non-conducting wood; outermost rings
Define and label Sapwood?
Lighter, conducting wood; outermost rings
Define wood
Buildup of secondary xylem
Define pith
the soft central cylinder of parenchymatous tissue in the stem
What is xylem?
vascular tissue that transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves
What is phloem?
vascular tissue that transports sugars
What is Phylum Psilophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts)
Whisk ferns
What is Phylum Lycophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts)
Club mosses
What is Phylum Sphenophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts)
Horsetails
What is Phylum Pteridophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts)
ferns
What is Phylum Cycadophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts)
Cycads
What is Phylum Ginkgophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts)
Ginkgos
What is Phylum Gnetophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts)
Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia
What is Phylum Coniferophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts)
Cone, pines
How can you identify a longleaf pine from other pines?
The longleaf bark is thicker than other pines
What are auxins?
A plant hormone that promotes root formation and bud growth
What is gravitropism?
The movement of plants in response to gravitational force
What is phototropism?
Plant growth in response to a source of light
What are Gibberellins?
Hormones that promote stem elongation
What are Cytokinins?
Promote cell division
What is Ethylene?
Gas formed from amino acid methionine by ripe fruits
What is Abscisic acid?
initiates and maintains seed and bud dormancy
What is thigmotropism?
Growth in response to touch
What are the pros and cons of phytoremediation?
Very effective, lessen cleanup environmental impacts, costs/slow, only effective at depths that root reaches, will not work on lead and other metal unless it is added to the soil, animals may ingest pollutants
What is alternation of generations?
Two multicellular individuals alternate