front 1 What are 7 characteristics of fungi? | back 1 Eukaryotes, cell walls composed of Chitin, reproduce by spores, nonmotile throughout their life cycle, heterotrophic by absorption, most are multicellular |
front 2 What are rhizoids? | back 2 Specialized that anchor some fungi to substrates |
front 3 What are haustoria? | back 3 Specialized hyphae used by parasitic fungi to absorb nutrients directly from the cells of other organisms |
front 4 What is the pileus? | back 4 Cap of the mushroom |
front 5 What are lamellae? | back 5 gills |
front 6 What is the annulus? | back 6 The ring like structure |
front 7 What is the stipe? | back 7 Stalk or stem |
front 8 What are the functions of fungal spores? | back 8 Produced during the sexual and asexual stages, dispersed by wind, survive unfavorable nutrition and environmental conditions, adaptation to land, grow directly into new fungus |
front 9 What are three techniques that predatory fungi use to capture prey? | back 9 Hyphae ring traps, secrete anesthetizing substances, secrete sticky substance on hyphae |
front 10 To which division do fungi that are mutualistic with plant roots belong? | back 10 Mycorrhizae |
front 11 How is the relationship between plants and mycorrhizae mutualistic (what do they give each other)? | back 11 Increasing the root abilities to absorb nutrients and water available in the soil |
front 12 What are ectomycorrhizae? | back 12 Surrounds but does not penetrate cells |
front 13 What are endomycorrhizae? | back 13 Penetrates cells and forms arbuscles |
front 14 How can plants communicate with one another? | back 14 They allow them to share information like a highway and nutrient pipeline all in one |
front 15 What types of nutrients do plants share through mycorrhizae? | back 15 Sugars and lipids |
front 16 What do we call fungi that are mutualistic with a cynobacteria or algae photosynthetic partner? | back 16 Lichens |
front 17 What is a crustose lichen? | back 17 Crusty fungi |
front 18 What is a foliose lichen? | back 18 Leaf-like fungi |
front 19 What is a fruticose lichen? | back 19 Shrub-like fungi |
front 20 To which group do unicellular fungi, lacking mycelia belong? | back 20 Chytrids |
front 21 Name a disease that we discussed in which chytrids parasitize plants? | back 21 Syncytium endobioticum |
front 22 Name a disease that we discussed in which chytrids parasitize amphibians? | back 22 Batrachochytrium |
front 23 Black bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifera) is well known member of which fungal division? | back 23 Zygospore |
front 24 Most members of Division Zygomycota are _______________, meaning they have aseptate (non septate) hyphae and are multinucleated. | back 24 Coenocytic |
front 25 What is a sporangiophore? | back 25 a structure or stalk that bears one or more sporangia |
front 26 What is a sporangium? | back 26 a receptacle in which asexual spores are formed. |
front 27 What is a spore? | back 27 Produced during the sexual and asexual stages |
front 28 What is a gametangium (pl. gametangia)? | back 28 an organ or cell in which gametes are produced |
front 29 What is a zygospore? | back 29 a large store of food reserves and a thick, resistant cell wall. |
front 30 What is a zygosporangium? | back 30 a sporangium in which zygospores are produced |
front 31 What causes the swelling on a hatthrower fungus sporangiophore to swell and split, shooting the sporangium over 2 meters away? | back 31 Pilobolus crystallinus |
front 32 Members of division usually have ___________ hyphae that are perforated. | back 32 Septate |
front 33 What is a conidiophore? | back 33 Stalks, aerial hypae |
front 34 What is a conidium? | back 34 a spore produced asexually by various fungi at the tip of a specialized hypha. |
front 35 What is an ascocarp? | back 35 Formed from interwoven hyphae on the larger mycelium |
front 36 What is an ascus? | back 36 Sac like structure within haploid ascospores |
front 37 What is an ascospore? | back 37 The ascus |
front 38 What are the asexual spores found in Ascomycota? | back 38 Conidia |
front 39 The yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a member of Division __________, and is used in making __________ (what toast is made from). | back 39 Ascomycota, yeast |
front 40 Which ascomycete causes thrush? | back 40 Candida |
front 41 Morels are ____________, often associated with elms, and are members of Division ____________. | back 41 Sexual, Ascomycota |
front 42 What are the edible, mycorhizzal sac fungi associated with oak and beech tree roots? | back 42 Truffle |
front 43 What is the disease caused by the ascomycete, Endothia parasitica, that decimated the chestnut tree populations? | back 43 Chestnut bright |
front 44 What is the disease caused by the ascomycete, Ophiostoma ulmi, that decimated the elm tree populations? | back 44 Dutch Elm Disease |
front 45 What are the secondary metabolites, released by Aspergillus, that are carcinogenic? | back 45 Aflaoxins |
front 46 What are two human skin diseases caused by members of Division Ascomycota, which outcompete skin bacteria by secreting antibiotics? | back 46 dermatophyte deuteromycetes, Aspergillus |
front 47 What is the disease in dogwood trees caused by the ascomycete, Discula destructiva? | back 47 Dogwood anthrasnose |
front 48 What is the disease, caused by the ascomycete Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola, that causes skin lesions and tissue destruction in snakes, sometimes killing the snake? | back 48 Ophidiomycosis |
front 49 Member of Division Basidiomycota have septate hyphae that are ________. | back 49 Club fungi |
front 50 What is a basidiocarp? | back 50 an undifferentiated fruiting structure with a hymenium on the surface |
front 51 What is a basidium? | back 51 Made up of sexually reproduced bodies |
front 52 What is a basidiospore? | back 52 A mushroom would produce a sexual spore |
front 53 What is the disease caused by the human pathogenic basidiomycete, Cryptococcus, that is found worldwide in the soil? | back 53 Cryptococcus neoformans |
front 54 Define and give an example if a Samara | back 54 winged, usually single-seeded fruit (Maple, elm, ash, & tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus) seeds) |
front 55 Define and give an example if a Aggregate fruit | back 55 a cluster of several separate carpels from simple ovaries forming many fused fleshy fruits, from a single flower(strawberries,raspberries,blackberries) |
front 56 Define and give an example if a True berry | back 56 simple fleshy fruit having seeds and involving only the compound ovary wall (Tomato, citrus fruits, melons) |
front 57 Define and give an example if a Multiple fruit | back 57 Derived from several to many flowers, whose parts more or less fuse(pineapple,fig,mulberry,breadfruit,sycamore) |
front 58 Define and give an example if a Drupe | back 58 fleshy fruit with a pit containing a single seed produced from a simple ovary (peach, cherry, plum, coconut, walnut) |
front 59 What is Palmate venation? | back 59 Major veins originate at the point of attachment of the blade to the petiole |
front 60 What is Pinnate venation? | back 60 Major leaf veins originate from points along a central main vein |
front 61 What are Simple leaves? | back 61 Undivided leaf |
front 62 What is an Alternate leaf arrangement? | back 62 1 leaf per node |
front 63 What is an opposite leaf arrangement? | back 63 2 leaves per node |
front 64 What is a whorled leaf arrangement? | back 64 3 or more leaves per node |
front 65 What are compound leaves? | back 65 Leaf with blade divided into leaflets |
front 66 What are Pinnately compound leaves? | back 66 Butternut hickory, shagbark hickory, pecan |
front 67 What are Palmately compound leaves? | back 67 Virginia creeper |
front 68 Define and label Anther | back 68 Contains the four microsporangia or pollen sacs |
front 69 Define and label Filament | back 69 Slender stalk which bears the two-lobed anther |
front 70 Define and label Stamen | back 70 Collectively androecium |
front 71 Define and label Stigma | back 71 Sticky receptor of pollen grains |
front 72 Define and label Pollen tube | back 72 deliver sperm cells to the female gametophyte |
front 73 Define and label Style | back 73 Elevates stigma |
front 74 Define and label Ovary | back 74 swollen base which contains the |
front 75 Define and label Ovule | back 75 where female gametophyte is produced |
front 76 Define and label Pistil | back 76 is the female part of the flower |
front 77 Define and label Petal | back 77 Attracts pollinators |
front 78 Define and label Corolla | back 78 Refers to all of petals |
front 79 Define and label Sepal | back 79 protect flower bud before it opens |
front 80 Define and label Calyx | back 80 refers to all of the sepals |
front 81 What is the dicot leaf venation? | back 81 Pinnate, palmate |
front 82 What is the monotcot arrangement of xylem & phloem in stems? In roots? | back 82 A circle around the central pith |
front 83 What is Phylum Bryophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts) | back 83 Moses |
front 84 What is Phylum Hepatophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts) | back 84 liverworts |
front 85 What is Phylum Anthocerophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts) | back 85 hornworts |
front 86 Define and label Vein | back 86 Vascular bundle within a leaf |
front 87 Define and label Stem | back 87 The main axis or shoot of a plant |
front 88 Define and label Petiole | back 88 Stalk that attaches the leaf blade to the stem |
front 89 Define and label Blade | back 89 Wide portion of a foliage leaf |
front 90 Define and label Leaf | back 90 Lateral appendage of a stem, contains photosynthetic cells |
front 91 Define and label Node | back 91 Point where leaves are attached to the stem |
front 92 Define and label Internode | back 92 Region between nodes |
front 93 Define and label Terminal bud | back 93 Region of primary meristem tissue that develops at the apex of a shoot that allows stem to elongate |
front 94 Define and label Axillary bud | back 94 Region of primary/ axillary meristem tissue located at a node in the upper angle between the leaf and stem; can produce new branches of the stem or flowers |
front 95 Define and label Shoot system | back 95 Raises photosynthetic leaves toward sun |
front 96 Define and label Root system | back 96 The important underground part of all vascular plants |
front 97 Define and label Branch root | back 97 Lateral branch of the taproot |
front 98 Define and label Taproot | back 98 Primary root containing the apical meristem protected by the root cap |
front 99 Define and label Root hairs | back 99 Projections of root that increase surface area |
front 100 What are Rhizomes? | back 100 Underground horizontal stems |
front 101 What are Stolons? | back 101 Aboveground horizontal stems |
front 102 What are Tubers? | back 102 Enlarged portions of rhizomes that function in food storage |
front 103 What are Corms? | back 103 bulbous underground stems that lie dormant during winter and produce new plants the next growing season |
front 104 What are adventitious roots? | back 104 Develop from shoot system instead of root system |
front 105 What are prop roots? | back 105 Adventitious roots that emerge above the soil line, anchor plant |
front 106 What is a cuticle? | back 106 covering for epidermal cells exposed to air which minimizes water loss and protects against bacteria and disease |
front 107 What is spongy mesophyll? | back 107 irregularly shaped and spaced cells bounded by air spaces, which increases surface area for gas exchange |
front 108 What is palisade mesophyll? | back 108 densely packed region of elongated mesophyll |
front 109 What are Stomata? | back 109 pores on undersurface of leaf that allows gas exchange, water loss also occurs functions by turgor pressure of guard cells |
front 110 What are Guard cells? | back 110 Regulate opening/ closing of stomata |
front 111 What are Fibrous roots? | back 111 Lateral branches from the main roots |
front 112 What is a taproot? | back 112 Primary root gives rise to secondary roots |
front 113 What is the difference between a white potato and a sweet potato? | back 113 White potatoes are expanded rhizomes and sweet are modified roots |
front 114 What are mycorrhizae? | back 114 mutualistic associations between plant roots and fungal hyphae |
front 115 What are root nodules? | back 115 Harbor mutualistic nitrogen-fixing bacteria |
front 116 What is Primary growth and where does it occur? | back 116 Occurs at primary meristems increases length of plant |
front 117 What is Secondary growth and where does it occur? | back 117 An increase in thickness or girth of the plant; in both stems and roots |
front 118 What is meristem? | back 118 A type of tissue found in plants |
front 119 What is apical meristem? | back 119 Give rise to the primary plant |
front 120 Where is apical meristem found, in the shoot or in the roots? | back 120 At the growing tips of stems and roots |
front 121 What is lateral meristem? | back 121 Occurs at the lateral areas of the plant |
front 122 What is procambium? | back 122 Forms primary xylem and primary phloem and vascular cambium |
front 123 What is ground meristem? | back 123 Forms ground tissues, such as pith, cortex, and pith rays; cortex forms cork cambium |
front 124 What is protoderm? | back 124 Forms epidermis |
front 125 What is pith? | back 125 Mass of parenchymal cells |
front 126 What is cortex? | back 126 Region of parenchyma tissue between the epidermis and vascular tissue |
front 127 What is Parenchyma? | back 127 Least specialized ground tissue |
front 128 What is Collenchyma? | back 128 Ground tissue with unevenly thickened, nonlignified primary cell walls |
front 129 What is Sclerenchyma? | back 129 Ground tissue with thick, often lignified secondary cell walls |
front 130 What is xylem? | back 130 vascular tissue that transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves |
front 131 What is phloem? | back 131 vascular tissue that transports sugars (sucrose), organic compounds, hormones, etc. from leaves to roots |
front 132 What is Guttation? | back 132 when drops of water are forced out of vein endings along the edges of leaves |
front 133 Which tissue gives rise to the epidermis? | back 133 protoderm |
front 134 Define and label cork? | back 134 Forms cork and phelloderm |
front 135 Define and label bark? | back 135 Protect plants |
front 136 Define and label Vascular cambium? | back 136 Forms secondary xylem and secondary phloem |
front 137 Define and label Heartwood? | back 137 Darker, non-conducting wood; outermost rings |
front 138 Define and label Sapwood? | back 138 Lighter, conducting wood; outermost rings |
front 139 Define wood | back 139 Buildup of secondary xylem |
front 140 Define pith | back 140 the soft central cylinder of parenchymatous tissue in the stem |
front 141 What is xylem? | back 141 vascular tissue that transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves |
front 142 What is phloem? | back 142 vascular tissue that transports sugars |
front 143 What is Phylum Psilophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts) | back 143 Whisk ferns |
front 144 What is Phylum Lycophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts) | back 144 Club mosses |
front 145 What is Phylum Sphenophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts) | back 145 Horsetails |
front 146 What is Phylum Pteridophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts) | back 146 ferns |
front 147 What is Phylum Cycadophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts) | back 147 Cycads |
front 148 What is Phylum Ginkgophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts) | back 148 Ginkgos |
front 149 What is Phylum Gnetophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts) | back 149 Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia |
front 150 What is Phylum Coniferophyta? (Know some examples and basic facts) | back 150 Cone, pines |
front 151 How can you identify a longleaf pine from other pines? | back 151 The longleaf bark is thicker than other pines |
front 152 What are auxins? | back 152 A plant hormone that promotes root formation and bud growth |
front 153 What is gravitropism? | back 153 The movement of plants in response to gravitational force |
front 154 What is phototropism? | back 154 Plant growth in response to a source of light |
front 155 What are Gibberellins? | back 155 Hormones that promote stem elongation |
front 156 What are Cytokinins? | back 156 Promote cell division |
front 157 What is Ethylene? | back 157 Gas formed from amino acid methionine by ripe fruits |
front 158 What is Abscisic acid? | back 158 initiates and maintains seed and bud dormancy |
front 159 What is thigmotropism? | back 159 Growth in response to touch |
front 160 What are the pros and cons of phytoremediation? | back 160 Very effective, lessen cleanup environmental impacts, costs/slow, only effective at depths that root reaches, will not work on lead and other metal unless it is added to the soil, animals may ingest pollutants |
front 161 What is alternation of generations? | back 161 Two multicellular individuals alternate |