Examples of pasteurization
- Beer.
- Canned food.
- Dairy products.
- Eggs.
- Milk.
- Juices.
- Low alcoholic beverages.
- Syrups.
Microbistatic
Treatment that stops growth. Sterilization. Microbicidal Kills all living organisms. Disinfectant.
Which is bacteriostatic?
agent prevents the growth of bacteria; kills bacteria
Disinfecting agents naturally produced by microorganisms are What?
antimicrobials
endospores used to measure the effectiveness of autoclave sterilization... why
they are hard to kill
Method of microbial control using moist heat?
autoclaves
process of incineration is used for?
sterilization
drugs specifically targets cell walls that contain mycolic acid?
Isoniazid
What means an antibiotic of broad spectrum?
an antibiotic that acts on the two major bacterial groups, Gram-positive and Gram-negative, or any antibiotic that acts against a wide range of disease-causing bacteria.
drugs can become incorporated into the bones and teeth of a fetus?
tetracyclines
broad-spectrum antibiotics act by doing what?
targeting both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial groups
therapeutic range of an antimicrobial…what means?
...
Biosafety Levels…..which one?
BSL-1, BSL-2, BSL-3, and BSL-4,
Mode of action of the antibiotic vancomycin is???
inhibiting the second stage of cell wall synthesis of susceptible bacteria
Mode of action the antibiotic tetracyclines is??
inhibit the 30S ribosomal subunit, hindering the binding of the aminoacyl-tRNA to the acceptor site on the mRNA-ribosome complex
Mode of action ciprofloxacin is.
inhibition of the enzymes topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV (both Type II topoisomerases)
Mode of action Methicillin
inhibiting penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) that are involved in the synthesis of peptidoglycan
AZT and Valaciclovir are antiviral nucleoside analogs that interfere with What??
nucleic acid synthesis
Mode of action antimicrobial polymyxin
cause cell damage leading to cell death by disrupting the membrane integrity
Which is considered a mechanical vector transmission?
~ biological vectors
~ flies
~ mosquitos
Aerosols may be involved in ________ transmission of pathogens.
droplet
Fomites are ????
inanimate objects involved in the indirect contact transmission of pathogens.
Reservoir is ??
the habitat in which the agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies
The stages of diseases
the incubation period,
the prodromal period,
the period of illness,
the period of decline,
the period of convalescence
innate immunity…..what includes?
physical and anatomical barriers as well as effector cells, antimicrobial peptides, soluble mediators, and cell receptors
All about eosinophil function ……
host defense against parasites and promoting allergic reactions.
process of phagocytosis involve all ,,,except
secretion of cytotoxins
lectin pathway of complement activation……how is activated?
when MBL binds to hexoses with carbon 3 and 4 OH groups such as N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, glucose, fucose, and mannose
Fever is beneficial during viral because???
diminish viral replication by several mechanisms, and improve host defence mechanisms against the pathogen.
Aspirin mode of action in inflammation
inhibit the activity of the enzyme now called cyclooxygenase (COX) which leads to the formation of prostaglandins (PGs)
Which is chemotactic factor
molecules which stimulate the directional locomotion of cells in gradients
natural killer lymphocytes…..what they do?
destroy infected and diseased cells, like cancer cells
most prevalent antibody class in the blood
lgG
All about T lymphocytes
directly killing infected host cells,
activating other immune cells,
producing cytokines and regulating the immune response.
Lymphocyte mature in the red bone marrow.
only B lymphocyte mature there
type of immunity is produced by the body when a person contracts a disease?
naturally acquired active immunity
Vaccination triggers an immune response which produces…What?
“memory” B- and T-cells
adaptive immune response requires exposure to specific epitopes for activation. t/ f Freebeeee
true