lab exam 2 Flashcards

streptophyta

monophyletic, multicellular, mostly photosynthetic, chloroplasts, cellulose, sexual AND asexual reproduction

xylem (water)
phloem (food)

spores develop into gametophytes, gametophyte produces gametes which can produce zygotes, zygotes develop into sporophytes which make spores

liverworts, hornworts, mosses (bryophytes)

antheridia produce sperm, archegonia produce eggs

clubmosses, horsetails, whisk ferns (Lycophyta and and pterophyta)

Polytrichum - gametophyte is the leafy bottom, sporophyte is the shoot with calyptra and capsule

equisetum strobilus (jointed stem)

ferns: gametophyte small - sporophyte, the leafy shoots with spores on the underside

sporangia - where the spores are produced, sori: group of sporangia

sporophyte dominant (tree) with gametophyte smaller portion of life span (cones with sperm/egg)

ovule contains 4 megasporocyte - only one megaspore will remain. pollen comes to the gametophyte with the egg, and sperm nucleus in the pollen tube fertilizes egg

fertilization without water, can leave the water source behind and spread further, which can increase genetic diversity

two home (male and female plants separate) - vs one home (male and female on the same plant)

coniferophyta (pine trees/cones)
cycadophyta (sago palm plant, often confused with palms)
gingkophytes (ginkgo biloba)
gnetophytes (welwitschia miarbilis)

encephalartos woodii

molecular data and double fertilization

see page 7 of gymnosperm background

stamen (anther/filament)
carpel (stigma/style/ovary)
Petal
sepal (supportive leaves)
receptacle (attachment point)

8 mitotic cells form 1 egg, 1 polar nucleus (2 cells), 2 synergids and 3 antipodal cells. The two sperm arrive, one fertilizes the egg and the other joins the polar nuclei to form food for embryo

dicots have two cotyledons
leaves are parallel in monocot and branched in dicto
vascular tissue is scattered in monocot and ringed in dicot
roots are are a netweork in monocots and a taproot with lateral roots in dicots
monocots are flowers of 3 dicotos are 4,5, or more

see lab 15 background document

when citizens contribute observation and data collection to professional research projects

zooniverse spider crab watch

spider crabs aggregate and we want to know why so we are counting them, off the coast of Australia

apical is the tips of roots and shoots, and is where most of the vertical growth happens/
lateral is horizontal growth like the rings of trees

dermal - outer portion of roots, stems, leaves - epidermis/bark - covers and protects and helps with gas exchange
ground - roots stems and leaves - parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma - photsynthesis storage adn support
vascular - roots stems and leaves, xylem and phloem, transport of water and minerals and nutrients

root hairs - absorption
stomata - gas exchange (guard cells open/close to allow air in)

cuticle - waxy layer prevents dessication
epidermis
palisade mesophyll - where most photosynthesis happens
vascular bundle - nutrient transport (veins)
stomata with guard cells

coleus looks like crab pincers,
woody plant cross-section (BARK) (periderm, cork cambium, secondary phloem, vascular cambium, (summer and spring wood in the secondary xylem)
monocot root looks messier, dicot root is in ring - know wha the xylem, phloem and epidermis look like

ecto/endo/mesotherm - blastopore, archenteron

zygote - morula (8 cell) - blastula - gastrula - neurula (in vertabrates)

Circulatory System, digestive, endocrine, excretory, integumentary, lymphatic, muscular, nervous, respiratory, reproductive, skeletal (MRS INCLUDER)

eukaryotic, multicellular w/o cell walls, motile, heterotrophic, specialized tissue, mostly sexual reproduction, body plan determined when embryo

sponges - asymmetrical, diploblastic, neither proto or duetero

choanocytes become sperm, amoebocytes become eggs, sperm swims into a collar cell and fertilizes the egg, producing a zygote. Larvae is motile, will land on sea floor and grow into adult

radial symmetry, is polyp or medusa - is diploblastic - is protostome

touch senstivite hair like projection, barb and thread -

when the dinoflagellates (a symbiont) are expelled from coral due to temperature and PH changes, the coral will often die as the symbiont helps with photosynthesis and nutrients, as well as color. Their absence turns the coral white

development of a head where sensory organs are stored

tubellaria - free living
trematoda or flukes - parasitic
cestoda (tape worms) - parasitic

in the background doc of the invertebrate lab

hair up, sleeves rolled up, remove watches and rings, put on goggles, clear your space

dorsal/vental
caudal/cranial
anterior/posterior

mollusca in class cephalopoda - species is Loligo vulgaris

tentacles, arms, fin, eye, sucker, mantle, pen

siphon, ink sac, stomach, ovary/testes, nidimental glands, heart, digestive gland, kidney, rectum, ctenidium, secum

enchinoderms - Asterias forbesi

ray, spines, eyespot, disc, madreporite, ambulacral groove, tube feet

hepatic caecum, gonad, ampullae, cardiac stomach, pyloric stomach, gonad, ring - water vascular system

neoave, Columba livia

shaft, barbs, vanes, quill

pectoralis, pulls wing down
supracoracoideus, raises the wing

beak, nares/nostril, eyes, ears, feet, breast, contour feathers tail feathers

esophagus, crop, gizzard, spleen, kidneys, small and large intestine, caeca, heart, lung, ovary, testes, pectoralis muscle

hair, secretory glands, endothermic, 4 chambered heart,

a series of questions for identifying a specimen, usually in dichotomies, kind of like a choose your own adventure guide

rostrum, orbit, post orbital process, sagittal crest, length of skull, molars, pre molars, incisors

protects plants animals and fungi threatened with extinction, the species requires a species action plan and regular surveys, overseen by USFWS US fish and wildlife

threatened and endangered

bald eagle went from 400 pairs to 10000 pairs, banning DDT and protection
ferret - used captive breeding

provide habitat, soil regeneration, clean water