What type of bone is the patella?
Sesamoid bone
Know the difference between the axial & appendicular skeletons.
Axial is made up of bones in your head, neck, back and chest. Appendicular is made up of everything else.
What is a synovial joint?
A joint found between bones that move against each other and is a fluid filled cavity
What is a Hinge joint/ Example?
Serves to allow motion primarily in one plane (elbows,knee)
What is a ball and socket joint? Example?
Allows for freedom of movement in all directions (shoulders, hips)
What type of joint is found between intervertebral disks?
Amphiarthrosis
Vertebrates are distinguished from other chordates by what characteristic?
They have a backbone
Which vertebrate was the first we studied that showed internal fertilization?
Fish (Sharks)
Are fish ectothermic or endothermic? Amphibians? Reptiles? Birds? Mammals?
Ectotherms
What is the pigment found in the lower layers of the epidermis that protects mitotic cells from UV radiation? (You might need to reference the Tissues lecture.
Melanin
How many chambers does a Fish heart have? Name these chambers.
Two (atrium and ventricle)
Fish blood makes how many circuits during circulation?
Single circuit
What class of parasitic fish possesses an oral disc?
Lampreys, Agnatha
What is the primary function of a fish’s swim bladder?
Buoyancy
What is a secondary function of a fish’s swim bladder (in some species)?
Lungs
What type of gills do fish have?
Lamellar
What structure covers the gills of sharks?
Gill slit
What is the function of the semicircular canals in sharks?
Equilibrium
What are the electroreceptive organs of sharks?
Ampullae of Lorenzini
What is the term that describes the movement of blood through gill capillaries in one direction and the movement of water over the gill surfaces in the opposite direction?
Countercurrent flow
What is the respiration by fish whereby they use continual swimming to move water of the gills?
Ram ventilation
What is Opercular pumping?
Moving water over the gill by the operculum
In addition to respiration, fish gills are also used for?
Osmotic regulation
What is the primary osmotic challenge for a fish in a marine environment?
Dehydration
Marine fish _______________ water by osmosis from the gills compensate by drinking lots of seawater and using by using the gills for active transport of Na+ and CL out of the body
lose
What is the primary osmotic challenge for a fish in a freshwater environment?
Waterlogged
Freshwater fish _______________ water by osmosis from the gills compensate by excreting excess water in the urine and by using the gills for active transport of Na+ and Cl into the body.
Gain
Note that other marine animals use salt glands Examples?
Marine iguanas, salt crocodile, sea birds
What is Diadromous?
Migrate from both salt & freshwater
What is Anadromous? Examples?
Migrate from salt to fresh to reproduce (salmonids, stiped bass)
What is Catadromous? Examples?
Migrate from fresh to sea to reproduce (American eel spawns in the sargasso sea)
What does Euryhaline mean?
Able to tolerate a wide variety of salinity extremes
What are the copulatory organs used by male sharks?
Claspers
How do the largest sharks and rays feed?
Filter feeders
How does an amphibian’s heart differ from a fish’s heart?
Amphibians have three hearts and fish have two hearts
What is the process by which a larval frog / tadpole transforms into an adult frog?
Metamorphosis
How do “lungless” terrestrial salamanders respire?
Cutaneous
What type of pressure do frogs use in buccopharyngeal respiration?
Positive
What is the term for an adult salamander that retains juvenile characteristics, such as gills?
Neoteny
What is the term for the terrestrial juvenile stage of the Eastern Newt?
EFT
What is the warning display given by newts to potential predators?
Unken
What is the form of amplexus whereby a male frog grasps the female under the front legs?
Axillary amplexus
What is the form of amplexus whereby a male frog grasps the female around the waist?
Anguinal amplexus
What is the form of amplexus whereby a male frog grasps the female around the neck / head?
Cephalic amplexus
What is the only amphibian to have a copulatory organ (first copulatory organ among terrestrial vertebrates)?
Caecilian
What are Fat bodies?
Large, yellow, stringy structures associated with gonads during breeding season which is more than likely for nourishment while breeding
What is the order for frogs and toads?
Anura
How does the amphibian heart differ from the bird heart?
Birds have 4 chambered heart and amphibian has 3 chambered hearts
Amphibians & non crocodilian reptiles have how many chambers in the heart? Name these chambers.
2 atria, 1 ventricle
What is the route of blood through the amphibian and non crocodilian reptile heart and circulation?
Blood comes from body goes to right atrium, to ventricle, from lungs to left atrium to ventral, from ventricle to body or lung
Snakes & Lizards name of paired copulatory organs?
Hemipenes
What is the membrane in a snake egg that forms an “artificial pool” for the embryo?
Amnion
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes reptiles from amphibians?
Amniotic eggs
What is the sequence of blood flow in a snake’s circulatory system?
3 chambered heart photos on phone
Reptile nephrons lack a Loop of Henle. They compensate by using the _______________ for water reabsorption.
Cloaca
What is the specialized chemosensory organ used by snakes and some lizards?
Jacobson’s organ
If an animal is limb less, has eyelids, and external ear openings, is it a snake or a lizard?
Lizard
What is the suborder for lizards?
Sauria
What type of fangs do the snakes in family viperidae have?
Hinged
The heat sensing pit organs of pit vipers senses what type of light energy?
Thermal
Cobras are members of snake family elapidae, which have what type of venom?
Neurotoxin
How does the tuatara differ from other reptiles?
No copulatory organ
What is the order for turtles?
Testudines
What is the name of the only member of order Rhynchocephalian that is endemic to New Zealand?
Tuataras
What is the name for the dorsal portion of the turtle shell?
Carapace
Sex ratio in reptiles is primarily determined by what?
Temperature of the nest
Crocodilians are distinguished from other reptiles by what?
4 chambered heart
What is the specialized structure that allows snakes to breathe while eating?
Glottis
Do snakes show ovipary? Ovovivipary? Vivipary?
Yes but not vivipary
Crocodilians, birds, & mammals have how many chambers in the heart? Name these chambers.
4 (2 atria, 2 ventricle)
What is the route of blood through the crocodilian, bird, & mammal heart and circulation?
From body/right atrium/right ventricle/to lungs
From lungs/left atrium/left ventricle/to body
What characteristic distinguishes ALL birds from reptiles?
Feathers
What are the gas exchange organs in birds?
Parabronchi
Bird respiration follows what sequence?
Posterior air sacs, parabronchi, anterior air sacs, goes outside
In Birds, females have reduced reproductive system. What purpose might this serve?
Reduce their body weight
What term describes chicks which are born with feathers, read to run or swim?
Precocial
What is the order for woodpeckers?
Piciformes
What is the only species of woodpecker to excavate cavities in live pine trees?
Cockaded woodpecker
What is the mating strategy where a single male mates with multiple females during a breeding season?
Polygyny
What is the mating strategy where a single female mates with multiple males during a breeding season?
Polyandry
What is a bird’s voice box called?
Syrinx
Why do birds migrate?
Mostly due to weather and the availability of food
Which brooding strategy is most common among birds?
Female alone incubates eggs
Which birds lack a keeled sternum?
Flightless birds
What is precocial?
Not needing as much care when hatched and born
What is altricial?
Naked and helpless at birth and remain this way in the nest for a week+
Most mammals are differentiated from birds by the presence of what reproductive structure?
Mammary glands
What are Portal systems? Know which is which: Hepatic, Renal, & Hypophyseal
Blood from one organs goes through veins into another organ before going to hear
hepatic-intestine to liver
renal-tail to kidney
hypophyseal-hypothalamus into pituitary gland
What type of mammal is an echidna?
Monotremes
What type of mammal is an opossum?
Marsupial
What is the order for even toed hoofed mammals?
Arteodactilla
What is the order for odd toed hoofed mammals?
Parasodactilla
What is the name for mammalian herbivores that chew their cud?
Ruminants
What is the energy source in Ruminants?
VFAs
What is the protein source in Runimants?
Microorganisms
What are the four stomachs of Bison and other ruminants?
Rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum
What is the order, from beginning to end, through which food passes in a ruminant’s stomach?
Reticulum, Rumen, Omasum, Abomasum
Which mammals are Foregut fermenters? Which mammals are Hindgut fermenters?
Foregut-deer, cattle, leaf eating monkeys
hindgut-rabbits, horses, rodents, flying lemurs
What is the relative length of small intestine in herbivores vs. carvnivores?
Herbivores have much longer intestines because its easier to digest meat
102. List comparisons and contrasts of foregut versus hindgut fermenters
Microbres=foregut-before and digested hindgut-after and is not digested
VFA is a source of energy of both
foregut diet is low and hindgut is high
throughout rate is low in foregut and high in hindgut
efficiency of cellulose is high in foregut and slow in hindgut
Which is more efficient at utilizing cellulose, hindgut or foregut fermenters?
Foregut fermenters
What is Coprophagy in rabbits?
Rabbits eat the special pellet
Why do Carnivores have much shorter intestines?
Meat can pass through more quickly
What are the organs and their function in the Male mammal reproductive system?
Testes-male gonads & penis, erectile copulatory organs
What are the organs and their function in the Female mammal reproductive system?
Ovaries-female gonads, uterus
What is the primary characteristic defining Mammals?
Hair/fur
What are the Four primary types of uteri in vertebrates? Give examples?
Duplex, bipartite, bicornuate, simplex
Which mammals are capable of true flight?
Bats
What is the order for rabbits?
Lagomorpha
What is the order for whales?
Cetaceans
What characteristics allow mammals to better conserve heat?
Blubber, hair, thick skin, high metabolisms
What are the premolars in wolves called?
Carnassial
What type of mammal is an opossum?
Marsupial
What type of animal is an echidna?
Monotreme
Do monotremes have nipples for nursing their young?
No, they have mammary gland ducts
Are marsupial young precocial?
No, their altricial
Which mammals undertake long seasonal migrations? Which do not?
Does-whales, caribou
doesn’t-bats
Which mammal(s) has a bipartite uterus?
Cattle, sheep, and horses
What is the pathway of air travel to the lungs of mammals?
Goes into mouth, through trachea, though bronchi, through bronchioles, to the alveoli
Label the stomachs of a bison
Rumen, omasum, abomasum, reticulum
What is the use of self produced sound for navigation?
echolocation
What type of hair is dense and soft and provides insulation?
Under hairs
In what way are other mammals different from monotremes and marsupials?
They have a placenta
Which chamber of the heart helps return low pressure deoxygenated blood to enter the mammalian heart?
Right atrium