front 1 What type of bone is the patella? | back 1 Sesamoid bone |
front 2 Know the difference between the axial & appendicular skeletons. | back 2 Axial is made up of bones in your head, neck, back and chest. Appendicular is made up of everything else. |
front 3 What is a synovial joint? | back 3 A joint found between bones that move against each other and is a fluid filled cavity |
front 4 What is a Hinge joint/ Example? | back 4 Serves to allow motion primarily in one plane (elbows,knee) |
front 5 What is a ball and socket joint? Example? | back 5 Allows for freedom of movement in all directions (shoulders, hips) |
front 6 What type of joint is found between intervertebral disks? | back 6 Amphiarthrosis |
front 7 Vertebrates are distinguished from other chordates by what characteristic? | back 7 They have a backbone |
front 8 Which vertebrate was the first we studied that showed internal fertilization? | back 8 Fish (Sharks) |
front 9 Are fish ectothermic or endothermic? Amphibians? Reptiles? Birds? Mammals? | back 9 Ectotherms |
front 10 What is the pigment found in the lower layers of the epidermis that protects mitotic cells from UV radiation? (You might need to reference the Tissues lecture. | back 10 Melanin |
front 11 How many chambers does a Fish heart have? Name these chambers. | back 11 Two (atrium and ventricle) |
front 12 Fish blood makes how many circuits during circulation? | back 12 Single circuit |
front 13 What class of parasitic fish possesses an oral disc? | back 13 Lampreys, Agnatha |
front 14 What is the primary function of a fish’s swim bladder? | back 14 Buoyancy |
front 15 What is a secondary function of a fish’s swim bladder (in some species)? | back 15 Lungs |
front 16 What type of gills do fish have? | back 16 Lamellar |
front 17 What structure covers the gills of sharks? | back 17 Gill slit |
front 18 What is the function of the semicircular canals in sharks? | back 18 Equilibrium |
front 19 What are the electroreceptive organs of sharks? | back 19 Ampullae of Lorenzini |
front 20 What is the term that describes the movement of blood through gill capillaries in one direction and the movement of water over the gill surfaces in the opposite direction? | back 20 Countercurrent flow |
front 21 What is the respiration by fish whereby they use continual swimming to move water of the gills? | back 21 Ram ventilation |
front 22 What is Opercular pumping? | back 22 Moving water over the gill by the operculum |
front 23 In addition to respiration, fish gills are also used for? | back 23 Osmotic regulation |
front 24 What is the primary osmotic challenge for a fish in a marine environment? | back 24 Dehydration |
front 25 Marine fish _______________ water by osmosis from the gills compensate by drinking lots of seawater and using by using the gills for active transport of Na+ and CL out of the body | back 25 lose |
front 26 What is the primary osmotic challenge for a fish in a freshwater environment? | back 26 Waterlogged |
front 27 Freshwater fish _______________ water by osmosis from the gills compensate by excreting excess water in the urine and by using the gills for active transport of Na+ and Cl into the body. | back 27 Gain |
front 28 Note that other marine animals use salt glands Examples? | back 28 Marine iguanas, salt crocodile, sea birds |
front 29 What is Diadromous? | back 29 Migrate from both salt & freshwater |
front 30 What is Anadromous? Examples? | back 30 Migrate from salt to fresh to reproduce (salmonids, stiped bass) |
front 31 What is Catadromous? Examples? | back 31 Migrate from fresh to sea to reproduce (American eel spawns in the sargasso sea) |
front 32 What does Euryhaline mean? | back 32 Able to tolerate a wide variety of salinity extremes |
front 33 What are the copulatory organs used by male sharks? | back 33 Claspers |
front 34 How do the largest sharks and rays feed? | back 34 Filter feeders |
front 35 How does an amphibian’s heart differ from a fish’s heart? | back 35 Amphibians have three hearts and fish have two hearts |
front 36 What is the process by which a larval frog / tadpole transforms into an adult frog? | back 36 Metamorphosis |
front 37 How do “lungless” terrestrial salamanders respire? | back 37 Cutaneous |
front 38 What type of pressure do frogs use in buccopharyngeal respiration? | back 38 Positive |
front 39 What is the term for an adult salamander that retains juvenile characteristics, such as gills? | back 39 Neoteny |
front 40 What is the term for the terrestrial juvenile stage of the Eastern Newt? | back 40 EFT |
front 41 What is the warning display given by newts to potential predators? | back 41 Unken |
front 42 What is the form of amplexus whereby a male frog grasps the female under the front legs? | back 42 Axillary amplexus |
front 43 What is the form of amplexus whereby a male frog grasps the female around the waist? | back 43 Anguinal amplexus |
front 44 What is the form of amplexus whereby a male frog grasps the female around the neck / head? | back 44 Cephalic amplexus |
front 45 What is the only amphibian to have a copulatory organ (first copulatory organ among terrestrial vertebrates)? | back 45 Caecilian |
front 46 What are Fat bodies? | back 46 Large, yellow, stringy structures associated with gonads during breeding season which is more than likely for nourishment while breeding |
front 47 What is the order for frogs and toads? | back 47 Anura |
front 48 How does the amphibian heart differ from the bird heart? | back 48 Birds have 4 chambered heart and amphibian has 3 chambered hearts |
front 49 Amphibians & non crocodilian reptiles have how many chambers in the heart? Name these chambers. | back 49 2 atria, 1 ventricle |
front 50 What is the route of blood through the amphibian and non crocodilian reptile heart and circulation? | back 50 Blood comes from body goes to right atrium, to ventricle, from lungs to left atrium to ventral, from ventricle to body or lung |
front 51 Snakes & Lizards name of paired copulatory organs? | back 51 Hemipenes |
front 52 What is the membrane in a snake egg that forms an “artificial pool” for the embryo? | back 52 Amnion |
front 53 What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes reptiles from amphibians? | back 53 Amniotic eggs |
front 54 What is the sequence of blood flow in a snake’s circulatory system? | back 54 3 chambered heart photos on phone |
front 55 Reptile nephrons lack a Loop of Henle. They compensate by using the _______________ for water reabsorption. | back 55 Cloaca |
front 56 What is the specialized chemosensory organ used by snakes and some lizards? | back 56 Jacobson’s organ |
front 57 If an animal is limb less, has eyelids, and external ear openings, is it a snake or a lizard? | back 57 Lizard |
front 58 What is the suborder for lizards? | back 58 Sauria |
front 59 What type of fangs do the snakes in family viperidae have? | back 59 Hinged |
front 60 The heat sensing pit organs of pit vipers senses what type of light energy? | back 60 Thermal |
front 61 Cobras are members of snake family elapidae, which have what type of venom? | back 61 Neurotoxin |
front 62 How does the tuatara differ from other reptiles? | back 62 No copulatory organ |
front 63 What is the order for turtles? | back 63 Testudines |
front 64 What is the name of the only member of order Rhynchocephalian that is endemic to New Zealand? | back 64 Tuataras |
front 65 What is the name for the dorsal portion of the turtle shell? | back 65 Carapace |
front 66 Sex ratio in reptiles is primarily determined by what? | back 66 Temperature of the nest |
front 67 Crocodilians are distinguished from other reptiles by what? | back 67 4 chambered heart |
front 68 What is the specialized structure that allows snakes to breathe while eating? | back 68 Glottis |
front 69 Do snakes show ovipary? Ovovivipary? Vivipary? | back 69 Yes but not vivipary |
front 70 Crocodilians, birds, & mammals have how many chambers in the heart? Name these chambers. | back 70 4 (2 atria, 2 ventricle) |
front 71 What is the route of blood through the crocodilian, bird, & mammal heart and circulation? | back 71 From body/right atrium/right ventricle/to lungs From lungs/left atrium/left ventricle/to body |
front 72 What characteristic distinguishes ALL birds from reptiles? | back 72 Feathers |
front 73 What are the gas exchange organs in birds? | back 73 Parabronchi |
front 74 Bird respiration follows what sequence? | back 74 Posterior air sacs, parabronchi, anterior air sacs, goes outside |
front 75 In Birds, females have reduced reproductive system. What purpose might this serve? | back 75 Reduce their body weight |
front 76 What term describes chicks which are born with feathers, read to run or swim? | back 76 Precocial |
front 77 What is the order for woodpeckers? | back 77 Piciformes |
front 78 What is the only species of woodpecker to excavate cavities in live pine trees? | back 78 Cockaded woodpecker |
front 79 What is the mating strategy where a single male mates with multiple females during a breeding season? | back 79 Polygyny |
front 80 What is the mating strategy where a single female mates with multiple males during a breeding season? | back 80 Polyandry |
front 81 What is a bird’s voice box called? | back 81 Syrinx |
front 82 Why do birds migrate? | back 82 Mostly due to weather and the availability of food |
front 83 Which brooding strategy is most common among birds? | back 83 Female alone incubates eggs |
front 84 Which birds lack a keeled sternum? | back 84 Flightless birds |
front 85 What is precocial? | back 85 Not needing as much care when hatched and born |
front 86 What is altricial? | back 86 Naked and helpless at birth and remain this way in the nest for a week+ |
front 87 Most mammals are differentiated from birds by the presence of what reproductive structure? | back 87 Mammary glands |
front 88 What are Portal systems? Know which is which: Hepatic, Renal, & Hypophyseal | back 88 Blood from one organs goes through veins into another organ before going to hear hepatic-intestine to liver renal-tail to kidney hypophyseal-hypothalamus into pituitary gland |
front 89 What type of mammal is an echidna? | back 89 Monotremes |
front 90 What type of mammal is an opossum? | back 90 Marsupial |
front 91 What is the order for even toed hoofed mammals? | back 91 Arteodactilla |
front 92 What is the order for odd toed hoofed mammals? | back 92 Parasodactilla |
front 93 What is the name for mammalian herbivores that chew their cud? | back 93 Ruminants |
front 94 What is the energy source in Ruminants? | back 94 VFAs |
front 95 What is the protein source in Runimants? | back 95 Microorganisms |
front 96 What are the four stomachs of Bison and other ruminants? | back 96 Rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum |
front 97 What is the order, from beginning to end, through which food passes in a ruminant’s stomach? | back 97 Reticulum, Rumen, Omasum, Abomasum |
front 98 Which mammals are Foregut fermenters? Which mammals are Hindgut fermenters? | back 98 Foregut-deer, cattle, leaf eating monkeys hindgut-rabbits, horses, rodents, flying lemurs |
front 99 What is the relative length of small intestine in herbivores vs. carvnivores? | back 99 Herbivores have much longer intestines because its easier to digest meat |
front 100 102. List comparisons and contrasts of foregut versus hindgut fermenters | back 100 Microbres=foregut-before and digested hindgut-after and is not digested VFA is a source of energy of both foregut diet is low and hindgut is high throughout rate is low in foregut and high in hindgut efficiency of cellulose is high in foregut and slow in hindgut |
front 101 Which is more efficient at utilizing cellulose, hindgut or foregut fermenters? | back 101 Foregut fermenters |
front 102 What is Coprophagy in rabbits? | back 102 Rabbits eat the special pellet |
front 103 Why do Carnivores have much shorter intestines? | back 103 Meat can pass through more quickly |
front 104 What are the organs and their function in the Male mammal reproductive system? | back 104 Testes-male gonads & penis, erectile copulatory organs |
front 105 What are the organs and their function in the Female mammal reproductive system? | back 105 Ovaries-female gonads, uterus |
front 106 What is the primary characteristic defining Mammals? | back 106 Hair/fur |
front 107 What are the Four primary types of uteri in vertebrates? Give examples? | back 107 Duplex, bipartite, bicornuate, simplex |
front 108 Which mammals are capable of true flight? | back 108 Bats |
front 109 What is the order for rabbits? | back 109 Lagomorpha |
front 110 What is the order for whales? | back 110 Cetaceans |
front 111 What characteristics allow mammals to better conserve heat? | back 111 Blubber, hair, thick skin, high metabolisms |
front 112 What are the premolars in wolves called? | back 112 Carnassial |
front 113 What type of mammal is an opossum? | back 113 Marsupial |
front 114 What type of animal is an echidna? | back 114 Monotreme |
front 115 Do monotremes have nipples for nursing their young? | back 115 No, they have mammary gland ducts |
front 116 Are marsupial young precocial? | back 116 No, their altricial |
front 117 Which mammals undertake long seasonal migrations? Which do not? | back 117 Does-whales, caribou doesn’t-bats |
front 118 Which mammal(s) has a bipartite uterus? | back 118 Cattle, sheep, and horses |
front 119 What is the pathway of air travel to the lungs of mammals? | back 119 Goes into mouth, through trachea, though bronchi, through bronchioles, to the alveoli |
front 120 Label the stomachs of a bison | back 120 Rumen, omasum, abomasum, reticulum |
front 121 What is the use of self produced sound for navigation? | back 121 echolocation |
front 122 What type of hair is dense and soft and provides insulation? | back 122 Under hairs |
front 123 In what way are other mammals different from monotremes and marsupials? | back 123 They have a placenta |
front 124 Which chamber of the heart helps return low pressure deoxygenated blood to enter the mammalian heart? | back 124 Right atrium |