Lecture exam 3 notecards Flashcards

monophyletic
multicellular
mostly photosynthetic
PS in chloroplasts
Cell walls of cellulose
sexual and asexual reproduction

desiccation (adaptation is a waxy coating or the ability to dry out and rejuvenate)
needing more support as the water was not the medium any longer (cell walls and apical meristems were the adaptation)
fertilization without water (alternation of generations with protected embryos and seeds were the adaptation)

No predators (when first evolved)
More CO2 available (not dispersed in the water)
More sunlight (not diffused in the water)

One generation will be the result of diploid sporophytes producing haploid spores through meiosis, the next generation will be haploid gametophytes producing diploid zygotes through fusion or fertilization.

Sporophytes 2n
Spores 1n
Gametophytes 1n
Gametes 1n (fuse to become zygote, and the zygote is 2n)

non-vascular
haploid gametophyte dominant
also - tend to be small and live in moist environments

Liverworts Hornworts and Mosses

phylum marchantiophyta
most ancient land plant clade
6k species
found globally in diverse habitats
leaves tend to be flat liver shapes

phylum anthocerotophyta
300 species
found near moisture
some species symbiotic with cyanobacteria
sporophyte grows from archegonium

phylum bryophyta
12k species
main species in the tundra
shallow rhizoids (kinda like roots) reduce erosion
sensitive to pollution

Xylem, which moves water and minerals up to the shoots
phloem, which moves sugar, proteins, and solutes to the rest of the plant
lignen - the woody compound that helps plant have structure

sporophytes in non vascular are stalks with spore containing sacs on the end (calyptra)
gametophyte in non vascular plants are the leafy green parts

sporophyte in vascular plants are the asxeual plants, the sporangia form on the underside of the leaves to disperse spores (diploid sporophyte dominant)

gametophytes are the sexual plants that form from the spores, and can produce eggs or sperms or both, and create the gametes that will become the sporophyte plant

ferns, clubmosses, horse tails

Clade lycophyta
1k species
earliest group of vascular plants
Made of stem and small microphylls (small leaves)

clade pterophyta genus equisetum
jointed stem - leaves and branches from rings
photosynthesis in the stem

pteridophytes
12k species
most advanced seedless plants

whisk ferns:
psilophytes
no roots
no leaves
PS in stem

Ferns and Whisk ferns

fertilization without water
provide nourishment
better dispersal
colonize dry land

Gymnosperms: a seed is produced by a non-flowering plant and is unenclosed or naken
Angiosperms: a seed is produced by flowering plants and in enclosed in an ovary

heterospores
wind polinated
softwood - have tracheids but no vessel elements
cones are sporophylls
some are monoecious most are dioecious
some wind dispersed some animal dispersed

Sporophyte makes m/f cones - megasporocyte (f) 2n makes 4 1n daughters - microsporocyte (m) makes pollen 1n - wind takes pollen to female cones -only one daughter megasporocyte survives to make an egg with the sperm - sperm tube grows time happens, and eventually, fertilization-embryo develops in seed, seed is dispersed, seed germinates

releasing two kinds of spores

coniferophyta - needles and cones
gingkophyta - ginkgo trees
gnetophytes - welwitschia plants

when a trait evolved through selection but is no longer being selected for (avacado trees, ginkgo trees)

Xylem - brings water and minerals from the bottom up

Phloem - brings food and solute top down

Gametophytes are the leafy plant like base of the plant, and sporophytes are the sprout with spore filled capsule that contains spores

sporophyte is the larger visible part of the plant - and the the gametophyte is the cone or flower/fruit

allows independence from water and allows plants to conquer land. It allows for larger dispersal areas

one sperm combines with the egg and the other combines with the polar nuclei - the sperm with egg becomes embryo and the sperm with polar nuclei becomes endosperm food for the embryo

monocots - 1 cotyledon, veins run parallel on leaves, flowers form groups of 3 or 6, monosulcate pollen

eudicots - 2 cotyledon , vascular form rings, veins form a network, 4/5/6 whorl on flowers, is 2/3 of angiosperms

monophyletic, have flowers, have fruit, sporophyte dominant life cycle, divided into basal/monocot. eudicot

have flowers with ovaries that bear fruit
stamen with two pairs of pollen sacs
specific structure of gametophyte
double fertilization
have phloem
have xylem

ripened ovaries, have exo/meso/endo carp - can be fleshy or dry

before monocot/dicot split - most ancient angio sperms - magnolias, water lillies, laurels

grains lillies grass

oak, daisy, legume

spines, thorns, toxins, foul taste

food, herbs, spices, chocolates, wood, textile, beauty

used to prevent herbivory but have medicinal uses in humans
willowbark, salicylic acid, wild yam, artemisin

receptacle - attach flower
sepal - leaves enclosing flower
carpel - (female with stigmen, style, ovary, ovule) house egg for fertilization
petal - pretty/attract polinators
stamen - filament/anther/pollen grains - fertilize pollen grains

They can help increase bio diversity, the help to fertilize plants, removing the need for wind and random chance

Each makes up the next level of organization.

shoot - vegetative and reproductive parts, photo synthesis
root: supports plant, absorbs water and minerals

roots - anchors plants and absorbs water and minerals
stems - elevate leaves and reproductive structure links water and nutrient transport
leaves - photosynthesis and gas exchange, transpiration, and modified into reproductive structures

parenchyma - storage, repair, photosynthesis - living cells with thin walls, can divide
collenchyma - flexible support, living with thick walls think ll = walls = support
sclerenchyma - dead thick walls with lignin think scle/skele

apical meristems

lateral meristems

carbs - phloem (Ph food)
water - xylem

xylem is dead cells with tracheid and vessels - lined up in 'xylem conduits'
phloem is living cells with sieve and companion cells

water potential is the difference in potential energy between a given water sample and pure water (at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature). The internal water potential of a plant cell is more negative than pure water because of the cytoplasm's high solute content. Because of this difference in water potential, water will move from the soil into a plant's root cells via the process of osmosis.

transpiration occurring in the leaves creates a positive pressure gradient that forces the water up through the xylem

the process of water moving upward through a plant through the use of osmosis and evaporation - uses passive transport of adhesion and cohesion

the process of sugars moving through a plant, uses active transport. Happens in the phloem

The hormone Auxin in concert with gravitropism acts in stems to stimulate growth and acts in roots to inhibit growth on the lower side, ensuring the roots grow away from the light and the plants go upward

the auxin known as IAA is produced when the sun is directly overhead, as the sun moves, the IAA moves to the shady side and encourages growth on that side, this will produce a bend in the plant that will lean the plant toward the sun

bananas have a lot of ethylene, which is the gas produced when a fruit is ripe, the presence of it will also encourage ripening. Putting bananas in a bag with unripe fruit will allow the ethylene gas to speed the process of ripening

Auxin - Growth / light reactive
Ethylene - ripening
Jasmonic Acid - defense

Thorns/Spines
Secondary metabolites which may be toxic or taste bad
Jasmonic acid may attract predators of the attackers, or signal nearby plants to also trigger their defense compounds done by air or roots and sometimes aided by fungi