front 1 What are some of the distinguishing characteristics of landplants | back 1 monophyletic |
front 2 What are some of the challenges plants had to overcome to move to land | back 2 desiccation (adaptation is a waxy coating or the ability to dry out
and rejuvenate) |
front 3 What are some of the benefits to life on land | back 3 No predators (when first evolved) |
front 4 What is alternation of generations? | back 4 One generation will be the result of diploid sporophytes producing haploid spores through meiosis, the next generation will be haploid gametophytes producing diploid zygotes through fusion or fertilization. |
front 5 What ploidy are Gametophytes, Sporophytes, Gametes and Spores | back 5 Sporophytes 2n |
front 6 What are the two uniting characteristics of Byrophytes | back 6 non-vascular |
front 7 What are the three groups of Byrophytes | back 7 Liverworts Hornworts and Mosses |
front 8 Liverworts: | back 8 phylum marchantiophyta |
front 9 Hornworts | back 9 phylum anthocerotophyta |
front 10 Mosses | back 10 phylum bryophyta |
front 11 What is the importance of vascular tissues in plants | back 11 Xylem, which moves water and minerals up to the shoots |
front 12 Sporophyte and gametophyte appearance and location in non-vascular plants | back 12 sporophytes in non vascular are stalks with spore containing sacs on
the end (calyptra) |
front 13 sporophyte and gametophyte appearance and location in vascular plants | back 13 sporophyte in vascular plants are the asxeual plants, the sporangia
form on the underside of the leaves to disperse spores (diploid
sporophyte dominant) |
front 14 What are some examples of seedless vascular plants? | back 14 ferns, clubmosses, horse tails |
front 15 club mosses | back 15 Clade lycophyta |
front 16 Horsetails | back 16 clade pterophyta genus equisetum |
front 17 Ferns and Whisk ferns | back 17 pteridophytes |
front 18 Which group of seedless vascular plants is most closely related to seed plants | back 18 Ferns and Whisk ferns |
front 19 What is the benefit of seeds? | back 19 fertilization without water |
front 20 what is the main difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms? | back 20 Gymnosperms: a seed is produced by a non-flowering plant and is
unenclosed or naken |
front 21 What are the characteristics of gymnosperms | back 21 heterospores |
front 22 what is the general life cycle of gymnosperms | back 22 Sporophyte makes m/f cones - megasporocyte (f) 2n makes 4 1n daughters - microsporocyte (m) makes pollen 1n - wind takes pollen to female cones -only one daughter megasporocyte survives to make an egg with the sperm - sperm tube grows time happens, and eventually, fertilization-embryo develops in seed, seed is dispersed, seed germinates |
front 23 what is heterosporous | back 23 releasing two kinds of spores |
front 24 What are the different kinds of gymnosperms, examples? | back 24 coniferophyta - needles and cones |
front 25 What is evolutionary anachronism / ghost of evolution | back 25 when a trait evolved through selection but is no longer being selected for (avacado trees, ginkgo trees) |
front 26 What is the importance of vascular tissue to a plant, what are the types of vascular tissue? | back 26 Xylem - brings water and minerals from the bottom up Phloem - brings food and solute top down |
front 27 Sporophytes and Gametophytes in non-vascular plants | back 27 Gametophytes are the leafy plant like base of the plant, and sporophytes are the sprout with spore filled capsule that contains spores |
front 28 sporophytes and gametophytes in vascular plants | back 28 sporophyte is the larger visible part of the plant - and the the gametophyte is the cone or flower/fruit |
front 29 what is the benefit of seeds | back 29 allows independence from water and allows plants to conquer land. It allows for larger dispersal areas |
front 30 what is the process of double fertilization | back 30 one sperm combines with the egg and the other combines with the polar nuclei - the sperm with egg becomes embryo and the sperm with polar nuclei becomes endosperm food for the embryo |
front 31 What are the differences between monocots and eudicots | back 31 monocots - 1 cotyledon, veins run parallel on leaves, flowers form
groups of 3 or 6, monosulcate pollen |
front 32 Angiosperm characteristics | back 32 monophyletic, have flowers, have fruit, sporophyte dominant life cycle, divided into basal/monocot. eudicot |
front 33 Synamorphies of angiosperms | back 33 have flowers with ovaries that bear fruit |
front 34 Fruit | back 34 ripened ovaries, have exo/meso/endo carp - can be fleshy or dry |
front 35 Basal Angiosperms | back 35 before monocot/dicot split - most ancient angio sperms - magnolias, water lillies, laurels |
front 36 Monocot examples | back 36 grains lillies grass |
front 37 Dicot examples | back 37 oak, daisy, legume |
front 38 How is herbivory prevented | back 38 spines, thorns, toxins, foul taste |
front 39 How do humans depend on plants | back 39 food, herbs, spices, chocolates, wood, textile, beauty |
front 40 Medicinal secondary metabolites - examples | back 40 used to prevent herbivory but have medicinal uses in
humans |
front 41 Parts of a flower and their purpose | back 41 receptacle - attach flower |
front 42 Why are pollinators important | back 42 They can help increase bio diversity, the help to fertilize plants, removing the need for wind and random chance |
front 43 Explain the connection between organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and organ tissues | back 43 Each makes up the next level of organization. |
front 44 What does roots and shoots mean | back 44 shoot - vegetative and reproductive parts, photo synthesis |
front 45 What are the functions of roots stems and leaves | back 45 roots - anchors plants and absorbs water and minerals |
front 46 what are the 3 kinds of plant cells and their functions | back 46 parenchyma - storage, repair, photosynthesis - living cells with thin
walls, can divide |
front 47 What tissue or cell is responsible for vertical growth | back 47 apical meristems |
front 48 what tissue or cell is responsible for lateral growth | back 48 lateral meristems |
front 49 What tissue transports carbs, what tissue transports water | back 49 carbs - phloem (Ph food) |
front 50 differences between xylem and phloem | back 50 xylem is dead cells with tracheid and vessels - lined up in 'xylem
conduits' |
front 51 water potential | back 51 water potential is the difference in potential energy between a given water sample and pure water (at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature). The internal water potential of a plant cell is more negative than pure water because of the cytoplasm's high solute content. Because of this difference in water potential, water will move from the soil into a plant's root cells via the process of osmosis. |
front 52 potential gradient | back 52 transpiration occurring in the leaves creates a positive pressure gradient that forces the water up through the xylem |
front 53 Transpiration | back 53 the process of water moving upward through a plant through the use of osmosis and evaporation - uses passive transport of adhesion and cohesion |
front 54 translocation | back 54 the process of sugars moving through a plant, uses active transport. Happens in the phloem |
front 55 How do plants ensure that roots go down and shoots go up | back 55 The hormone Auxin in concert with gravitropism acts in stems to stimulate growth and acts in roots to inhibit growth on the lower side, ensuring the roots grow away from the light and the plants go upward |
front 56 how do plants turn toward sunglight | back 56 the auxin known as IAA is produced when the sun is directly overhead, as the sun moves, the IAA moves to the shady side and encourages growth on that side, this will produce a bend in the plant that will lean the plant toward the sun |
front 57 How do bananas ripen fruit | back 57 bananas have a lot of ethylene, which is the gas produced when a fruit is ripe, the presence of it will also encourage ripening. Putting bananas in a bag with unripe fruit will allow the ethylene gas to speed the process of ripening |
front 58 3 plant hormones and functions | back 58 Auxin - Growth / light reactive |
front 59 How do plants protect against herbivory | back 59 Thorns/Spines |