Lab Exam 1 Bio 1407 Flashcards

No food or drink
Dont touch your eyes or mouth
Wear lab attire
Clean your station
Report Accidnets
Buddy System
Respect Lab equipment
WASH YOUR HANDS

Observation, Ask a question, Hypothesis, Prediction, experiment, analyze, share/re experiment

Independent what you manipulate
dependents - what changes because of the independent

Control does not receive the experiment/independent variable
Experimental DOES receive the experiment/independent variable

Quantitative - numbers based and measured
Qualitative - interpretation based and descriptive

what patterns do you see, what relationships do you see

bar, line, pie

descriptive title, axis labels with units, key or legend if applicable

natural selection is one mechanism of evolution with differential survival and reproduction that results in adaptations

evolution is change in allele frequency over time

external agents which affect an organisms ability to survive in a given environment.

(darwin finches lab, this is not actually a flash card, just a reminder)

fossils, homology, biogeography, embryology, microbiology, genetics

root, branch tips, nodes, sister taxa, (ancestral vs derived traits)

(lab reminder, another card that is not a card)

Study of how selective forces change
the allele frequencies in a population
over time

where a very small population starts a new population, having limited genetic diversity (amish)

an external force severely decreases the population, resulting in limited genetic diversity (see XP in Dine peoples after The Long Walk) random event as well

a rare case in which a single allele becomes the only one present in the population

will never happen, a large population with NO evolutionary factors occuring

large population
no mutation
no predation
no migration
no non-random mating

p+q=1
p^2 + 2pq +q^2

directional, stabilizing, disruptive, frequency based

where organisms in similar ecosystems devlop similar traits

the number of scales on the underside of a lizard's toe to help them grip a stick

hindlimb divided by body length

each of the ecomorphs evolved separately on their own islands from single ancestors

when two organisms from different ancestors converge on the same trait

two species from the same ancestor become more distinct

viruses have a capsid as their outer layer, and those that bud from their host will have an 'envelope' , specialized to a host, have DNA but the structure of the DNA can vary, do not reproduce, instead duplicate

viruses can pass from host to host via things like sneezing or sexually, they can also travel through a vector like an insect, and some can cross species (zoonotic)

Virus binds to receptor
Virus releases its RNA genome into the cell
The virus's RNA is translated into proteins by ribosomes
Viral RNA polymerase helps transcribe more copies of virus RNA
New viruses travel t othe cell membrane of the infected cell and are released outside the cell

to disrupt the reproduction process of the virus by interrupting the translation in the ribosome

PCR tests - look for pieces of virus RNA
Antigen - looks for viral spike
Antibody - looks for the body's immune response

divide the infection rate of the experimental group by the infection rate of the control group to get the percentage for efficacy

traits that increase the survival and reproduction of members in a population

unchanging allele frequencies

is the the survival rate of a geno/pheno type relative to the maximum survival or reproduction rate of other genotypes in a population. A number between 0 and 1 (with 1 being the highest fitness)

tail length divided by body length

bubbles near the bottom and whey and water near the top

heat fix the sample to the slide
add purple stain for 60 sec, rinse
add iodine for 60 sec, rinse
add alcohol for NO MORE THAN 30 SEC, rinse
Add safranin (pink) to stain any gram negative bacteria 60 seconds, rinse

review the table :)

first use coarse adjustment knob to raise and lower the platform, then use the fine adjustment knob to sharpen the focus

remove slide, clean oil off if used, turn off, unplug, place cover on, put away in appropriate spot

cocci/round, bacilli/rod, spiral /spirilla, spirochaetes/corkscrew

Its an algae, not a bacteria

symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria, bacteria provide nitrogen for the ferns

can produce chemicals that can poison people and animals, and can devastate eco systems which will also cause economic problems and reduce tourism

chain-like green wormy lookin boy

prokaryotic organisms often found in extreme environments, distinct from bacteria

single or multi-cellular Eukaryotes that can be plant, animal, or fungi like. Its a catch all box for organisms that defy organization into other categories, is paraphyletic

psuedopodia (foot like), flagella (like an appendage), cilia (hair like), (or amoeba like)

See lab background handout for slides
Diatoms (two plates like a petri dish, sometimes ladder like or with many ridges)
Trypanosoma (looks kinda like a spanish dancer flat worm, has a flagella)
Spirogyra (spiral shaped chloroplast)
volvox (colonial round, flagella, green - each inner orb is also round)
Salpingoeca (happy little alien baby with collar and flagella)
trichonympha (like a weird combo of jellyfish, looks like a gross ice cream cone with cillia)

hyphae, mycellium, fruiting body, spores (or zygotes)

cap, gills, ring, stem, cup, mycellium

heterotroph, specifically saprobes for decomposers, or parasites for parasite species

Ascomyota (sac fungi) yeast/pennicillin
Zygomycota (conjugation fungi) bread mold
Basidiomycota (club and shelf) traditional mushrooms
Chytridiomycota (only fungus with flagella) BD frog fungus
Glomeromycota (symbionts with trees/plants)

damages skin which damages respiratory system

Rhizopus (large spores on the end of stems)
Penicillium (like tiny spores on the end of oval)
Sacchoarmyces ceviseae (like grains of rice, some with hyphae)
Amanita phalloides ( white stem with yellowish top, collar near the top, large volva)
Allomyces (black eyed pea with long flagella)
Lichen cross section (algae layer, mycellium, lower cortex)

large spores on the end of stems, sporangiospores and zygospores, is bread mold

looks tiny spores on the end of an oval, sac like reproductive structure called ascus, is ascomycota

looks like rice, is yeast

death cap mushroom, white with yellow top

flagellated zoospores, looks like a black eyed pea with a long flagella