What is the Peptide Hormone chemical precursor?
amino acids (polypeptides)
What is the Peptide Hormone location of receptor?
extracellular (cell membrane)
What is the Peptide Hormone mechanism of action?
stimulates a receptor (usually a G-protein-coupled receptor), affecting levels of second messengers (commonly cAMP). Initiates a signal cascade.
What is the Peptide Hormone method of travel in the bloodstream?
dissolves and travels freely
What is the Peptide Hormone speed of onset?
quick
What is the Peptide Hormone duration of action?
short lived
What is the Steroid Hormone chemical precursor?
cholesterol
What is the Steroid Hormone location of receptor?
intracellular or intranuclear
What is the Steroid Hormone mechanism of action?
binds to a receptor, induces conformational change, and regulates transcription at the level of the DNA
What is the Steroid Hormone method of travel in the bloodstream?
binds to a carrier protein
What is the Steroid Hormone speed of onset?
slow
What is the Steroid Hormone duration of action?
long lived
How are amino acid-derivative hormones synthesized?
They are made by modifying amino acids, such as the addition of iodine to tyrosine (in thyroid hormone production)
What is the difference between a direct and tropic hormone?
Direct hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and travel to a target tissue, where they have direct effects.
Tropic hormones cause secretion of another hormone that then travels to the target tissue to cause an effect.
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Source:
Hormone Type:
Action:
Source: Anterior Pituitary
Hormone Type: Peptide
Action: stimulates follicle maturation in females; spermatogenesis in males
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Source:
Hormone Type:
Action:
Source: Anterior Pituitary
Hormone Type: Peptide
Action: stimulates ovulation in females; testosterone synthesis in males
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Source:
Hormone Type:
Action:
Source: Anterior Pituitary
Hormone Type: Peptide
Action: stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Source:
Hormone Type:
Action:
Source: Anterior Pituitary
Hormone Type: Peptide
Action: stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones
Prolactin
Source:
Hormone Type:
Action:
Source: Anterior Pituitary
Hormone Type: Peptide
Action: stimulates milk production and secretion
Endorphins
Source:
Hormone Type:
Action:
Source: Anterior Pituitary
Hormone Type: Peptide
Action: decrease sensation of pain; can promote euphoria
Growth Hormone (GH)
Source:
Hormone Type:
Action:
Source: Anterior Pituitary
Hormone Type: Peptide
Action: stimulates bone and muscle growth; raises blood glucose levels
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH; Vasopressin)
Source:
Hormone Type:
Action:
Source: Hypothalamus (released by posterior pituitary)
Hormone Type: Peptide
Action: stimulates water reabsorption in kidneys by increasing permeability of collecting duct
Oxytocin
Source:
Hormone Type:
Action:
Source: Hypothalamus (released by posterior pituitary)
Hormone Type: Peptide
Action: stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk secretion during lactation; may promote bonding behavior
Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)
Source:
Hormone Type:
Action:
Source: Thyroid (follicular cells)
Hormone Type: Amino-acid derivatives
Action: stimulate metabolic activity
Calcitonin
Source:
Hormone Type:
Action:
Source:Thyroid (parafollicular or C cells)
Hormone Type: Peptide
Action: decreases blood calcium concentrations
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Source:
Hormone Type:
Action:
Source: Parathyroids
Hormone Type: Peptide
Action: increase blood calcium levels
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol and Cortisone)
Source:
Hormone Type:
Action:
Source: Adrenal Cortex
Hormone Type: Steroid
Action: increase blood glucose concentrations; decrease protein synthesis; anti-inflammatory
Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
Source:
Hormone Type:
Action:
Source: Adrenal Cortex
Hormone Type: Steroid
Action: increase water reabsorption in the kidneys by increasing sodium reabsorption; promote potassium and hydrogen ion excretion
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Source:
Hormone Type:
Action:
Source: Adrenal Medulla
Hormone Type: Amino-acid derivative
Action: increase blood glucose concentrations and heart date; dilate bronchi; alter blood flow patterns
Glucagon
Source:
Hormone Type:
Action:
Source: Pancreas (alpha-cells)
Hormone Type: Peptide
Action: stimulates glycogen breakdown (glycogenesis); increases blood glucose concentration
Insulin
Source:
Hormone Type:
Action:
Source: Pancreas (beta-cells)
Hormone Type: Peptide
Action: lowers blood glucose concentrations and promotes anabolic processes
Somatostatin
Source:
Hormone Type:
Action:
Source: Pancreas (delta-cells)
Hormone Type: Peptide
Action: suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin
Testosterone
Source:
Hormone Type:
Action:
Source: Testis (and adrenal cortex)
Hormone Type: Steroid
Action: induces the development and maintenance of male reproductive system and male secondary sex characteristics
Estrogen
Source:
Hormone Type:
Action:
Source: Ovary (and placenta)
Hormone Type: Steroid
Action: induces the development and maintenance of female reproductive system and female secondary sex characteristics
Progesterone
Source:
Hormone Type:
Action:
Source: Ovary (and placenta)
Hormone Type: Steroid
Action: promotes maintenance of the endometrium
Melatonin
Source:
Hormone Type:
Action:
Source: Pineal gland
Hormone Type: Peptide
Action: involved in circadian rhythms
Erythropoietin
Source:
Hormone Type:
Action:
Source: Kidney
Hormone Type: Peptide
Action: stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Source:
Hormone Type:
Action:
Source: Heart (atria)
Hormone Type: Peptide
Action: promotes salt and water excretion
Thymosin
Source:
Hormone Type:
Action:
Source: Thymus
Hormone Type: Peptide
Action: stimulates T-Cell development
For this hypothalamic releasing hormone: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
What hormones does it affect in the anterior pituitary?
What is the target organ?
What hormones are released by the target organs?
Hormones from Anterior Pituitary: FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone)
Target Organ: Gonads (testes or ovaries)
Hormones Released by Target Organ: Testosterone (testes) or estrogen and progesterone (ovaries)
For this hypothalamic releasing hormone: Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)
What hormones does it affect in the anterior pituitary?
What is the target organ?
What hormones are released by the target organs?
Hormones from Anterior Pituitary: ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
Target Organ: Adrenal cortex
Hormones Released by Target Organ: Glucocorticoids (cortisol and cortisol)
For this hypothalamic releasing hormone: Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH)
What hormones does it affect in the anterior pituitary?
What is the target organ?
What hormones are released by the target organs?
Hormones from Anterior Pituitary: TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
Target Organ: Thyroid
Hormones Released by Target Organ: Triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4)
For this hypothalamic releasing hormone: Dopamine
What hormones does it affect in the anterior pituitary?
What is the target organ?
What hormones are released by the target organs?
Hormones from Anterior Pituitary: Prolactin
Target Organ: Breast tissue
Hormones Released by Target Organ: N/A
* decrease in dopamine from the hypothalamus promotes prolactin secretion
For this hypothalamic releasing hormone: Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
What hormones does it affect in the anterior pituitary?
What is the target organ?
What hormones are released by the target organs?
Hormones from Anterior Pituitary: Growth Hormone
Target Organ: Bone, muscle
Hormones Released by Target Organ: N/A
Which two hormones are primarily involved in calcium homeostasis?
Where does each come from?
What effect does each have on blood calcium concentrations?
Calcitonin from the parafollicular (C-) cells of the thyroid decrease blood calcium concentration.
Parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid glads increases blood calcium concentration.
Which endocrine tissue synthesizes catecholamines?
What are the two main catecholamines it produces?
Adrenal medulla
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Which two pancreatic hormones are the major drivers of glucose homeostasis?
Where does each come from?
What effect does each have on blood glucose concentrations?
Glucagon from the a-cells of the pancreas increases blood glucose concentration.
Insulin from the b-cells of the pancreas decreases blood glucose concentration.
Which three hormones are primarily involved in water homeostasis?
Where does each come from?
What effect does each have on blood volume and osmolarity?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) from the hypothalamus (released by the posterior pituitary) increases blood volume and decreases blood osmolarity.
Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex increases blood volume with no effect on blood osmolarity.
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart decreased blood volume with not effect on blood osmolarity.