front 1 What is the Peptide Hormone chemical precursor? | back 1 amino acids (polypeptides) |
front 2 What is the Peptide Hormone location of receptor? | back 2 extracellular (cell membrane) |
front 3 What is the Peptide Hormone mechanism of action? | back 3 stimulates a receptor (usually a G-protein-coupled receptor), affecting levels of second messengers (commonly cAMP). Initiates a signal cascade. |
front 4 What is the Peptide Hormone method of travel in the bloodstream? | back 4 dissolves and travels freely |
front 5 What is the Peptide Hormone speed of onset? | back 5 quick |
front 6 What is the Peptide Hormone duration of action? | back 6 short lived |
front 7 What is the Steroid Hormone chemical precursor? | back 7 cholesterol |
front 8 What is the Steroid Hormone location of receptor? | back 8 intracellular or intranuclear |
front 9 What is the Steroid Hormone mechanism of action? | back 9 binds to a receptor, induces conformational change, and regulates transcription at the level of the DNA |
front 10 What is the Steroid Hormone method of travel in the bloodstream? | back 10 binds to a carrier protein |
front 11 What is the Steroid Hormone speed of onset? | back 11 slow |
front 12 What is the Steroid Hormone duration of action? | back 12 long lived |
front 13 How are amino acid-derivative hormones synthesized? | back 13 They are made by modifying amino acids, such as the addition of iodine to tyrosine (in thyroid hormone production) |
front 14 What is the difference between a direct and tropic hormone? | back 14 Direct hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and travel to a target tissue, where they have direct effects. Tropic hormones cause secretion of another hormone that then travels to the target tissue to cause an effect. |
front 15 Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Source: Hormone Type: Action: | back 15 Source: Anterior Pituitary Hormone Type: Peptide Action: stimulates follicle maturation in females; spermatogenesis in males |
front 16 Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Source: Hormone Type: Action: | back 16 Source: Anterior Pituitary Hormone Type: Peptide Action: stimulates ovulation in females; testosterone synthesis in males |
front 17 Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Source: Hormone Type: Action: | back 17 Source: Anterior Pituitary Hormone Type: Peptide Action: stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids |
front 18 Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Source: Hormone Type: Action: | back 18 Source: Anterior Pituitary Hormone Type: Peptide Action: stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones |
front 19 Prolactin Source: Hormone Type: Action: | back 19 Source: Anterior Pituitary Hormone Type: Peptide Action: stimulates milk production and secretion |
front 20 Endorphins Source: Hormone Type: Action: | back 20 Source: Anterior Pituitary Hormone Type: Peptide Action: decrease sensation of pain; can promote euphoria |
front 21 Growth Hormone (GH) Source: Hormone Type: Action: | back 21 Source: Anterior Pituitary Hormone Type: Peptide Action: stimulates bone and muscle growth; raises blood glucose levels |
front 22 Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH; Vasopressin) Source: Hormone Type: Action: | back 22 Source: Hypothalamus (released by posterior pituitary) Hormone Type: Peptide Action: stimulates water reabsorption in kidneys by increasing permeability of collecting duct |
front 23 Oxytocin Source: Hormone Type: Action: | back 23 Source: Hypothalamus (released by posterior pituitary) Hormone Type: Peptide Action: stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk secretion during lactation; may promote bonding behavior |
front 24 Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4) Source: Hormone Type: Action: | back 24 Source: Thyroid (follicular cells) Hormone Type: Amino-acid derivatives Action: stimulate metabolic activity |
front 25 Calcitonin Source: Hormone Type: Action: | back 25 Source:Thyroid (parafollicular or C cells) Hormone Type: Peptide Action: decreases blood calcium concentrations |
front 26 Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Source: Hormone Type: Action: | back 26 Source: Parathyroids Hormone Type: Peptide Action: increase blood calcium levels |
front 27 Glucocorticoids (Cortisol and Cortisone) Source: Hormone Type: Action: | back 27 Source: Adrenal Cortex Hormone Type: Steroid Action: increase blood glucose concentrations; decrease protein synthesis; anti-inflammatory |
front 28 Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone) Source: Hormone Type: Action: | back 28 Source: Adrenal Cortex Hormone Type: Steroid Action: increase water reabsorption in the kidneys by increasing sodium reabsorption; promote potassium and hydrogen ion excretion |
front 29 Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Source: Hormone Type: Action: | back 29 Source: Adrenal Medulla Hormone Type: Amino-acid derivative Action: increase blood glucose concentrations and heart date; dilate bronchi; alter blood flow patterns |
front 30 Glucagon Source: Hormone Type: Action: | back 30 Source: Pancreas (alpha-cells) Hormone Type: Peptide Action: stimulates glycogen breakdown (glycogenesis); increases blood glucose concentration |
front 31 Insulin Source: Hormone Type: Action: | back 31 Source: Pancreas (beta-cells) Hormone Type: Peptide Action: lowers blood glucose concentrations and promotes anabolic processes |
front 32 Somatostatin Source: Hormone Type: Action: | back 32 Source: Pancreas (delta-cells) Hormone Type: Peptide Action: suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin |
front 33 Testosterone Source: Hormone Type: Action: | back 33 Source: Testis (and adrenal cortex) Hormone Type: Steroid Action: induces the development and maintenance of male reproductive system and male secondary sex characteristics |
front 34 Estrogen Source: Hormone Type: Action: | back 34 Source: Ovary (and placenta) Hormone Type: Steroid Action: induces the development and maintenance of female reproductive system and female secondary sex characteristics |
front 35 Progesterone Source: Hormone Type: Action: | back 35 Source: Ovary (and placenta) Hormone Type: Steroid Action: promotes maintenance of the endometrium |
front 36 Melatonin Source: Hormone Type: Action: | back 36 Source: Pineal gland Hormone Type: Peptide Action: involved in circadian rhythms |
front 37 Erythropoietin Source: Hormone Type: Action: | back 37 Source: Kidney Hormone Type: Peptide Action: stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes |
front 38 Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) Source: Hormone Type: Action: | back 38 Source: Heart (atria) Hormone Type: Peptide Action: promotes salt and water excretion |
front 39 Thymosin Source: Hormone Type: Action: | back 39 Source: Thymus Hormone Type: Peptide Action: stimulates T-Cell development |
front 40 For this hypothalamic releasing hormone: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) What hormones does it affect in the anterior pituitary? What is the target organ? What hormones are released by the target organs? | back 40 Hormones from Anterior Pituitary: FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) Target Organ: Gonads (testes or ovaries) Hormones Released by Target Organ: Testosterone (testes) or estrogen and progesterone (ovaries) |
front 41 For this hypothalamic releasing hormone: Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) What hormones does it affect in the anterior pituitary? What is the target organ? What hormones are released by the target organs? | back 41 Hormones from Anterior Pituitary: ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) Target Organ: Adrenal cortex Hormones Released by Target Organ: Glucocorticoids (cortisol and cortisol) |
front 42 For this hypothalamic releasing hormone: Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) What hormones does it affect in the anterior pituitary? What is the target organ? What hormones are released by the target organs? | back 42 Hormones from Anterior Pituitary: TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) Target Organ: Thyroid Hormones Released by Target Organ: Triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) |
front 43 For this hypothalamic releasing hormone: Dopamine What hormones does it affect in the anterior pituitary? What is the target organ? What hormones are released by the target organs? | back 43 Hormones from Anterior Pituitary: Prolactin Target Organ: Breast tissue Hormones Released by Target Organ: N/A * decrease in dopamine from the hypothalamus promotes prolactin secretion |
front 44 For this hypothalamic releasing hormone: Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) What hormones does it affect in the anterior pituitary? What is the target organ? What hormones are released by the target organs? | back 44 Hormones from Anterior Pituitary: Growth Hormone Target Organ: Bone, muscle Hormones Released by Target Organ: N/A |
front 45 Which two hormones are primarily involved in calcium homeostasis? Where does each come from? What effect does each have on blood calcium concentrations? | back 45 Calcitonin from the parafollicular (C-) cells of the thyroid decrease blood calcium concentration. Parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid glads increases blood calcium concentration. |
front 46 Which endocrine tissue synthesizes catecholamines? What are the two main catecholamines it produces? | back 46 Adrenal medulla epinephrine and norepinephrine |
front 47 Which two pancreatic hormones are the major drivers of glucose homeostasis? Where does each come from? What effect does each have on blood glucose concentrations? | back 47 Glucagon from the a-cells of the pancreas increases blood glucose concentration. Insulin from the b-cells of the pancreas decreases blood glucose concentration. |
front 48 Which three hormones are primarily involved in water homeostasis? Where does each come from? What effect does each have on blood volume and osmolarity? | back 48 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) from the hypothalamus (released by the posterior pituitary) increases blood volume and decreases blood osmolarity. Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex increases blood volume with no effect on blood osmolarity. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart decreased blood volume with not effect on blood osmolarity. |