anterior (ventral)
front
posterior (dorsal)
back
Order of layers
superficial, intermediate, deep
medial
closer to midline
lateral
away from midline
external
outward
internal
inward
superior
above
inferior
below
proximal
towards the body
distal
away from the body
bilateral
both sides
unilateral
one side
ipsilateral
same sided
contralateral
opposite sided
longitudinal
length-wise cut
transverse
cross-section/horizontal cut
oblique
cut at an angle
saggital plane movements
flexion and extension
frontal plane movements
abduction and adduction
transverse plane movements
medial and lateral
tendon
fibrous CT, muscle to bone
aponerousis
fibrous sheet of CT, muscle to bone OR other tissues
ligament
band of fibrous CT (strongest), bone to bone, good for stability and limits motion
joint
articulation or union between two or more bones
3 types of joints
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
fibrous joint
joined by fibrous CT (minimal motion)
cartilaginous joint
joined by cartilage
synovial
space between bones lined with synovial membrane/fluid
3 types of fibrous joints
suture, syndesmoses, gomphoses
sutures
plates of skull, before ossification
syndesmosis
interosseous membranes between radius and ulna or tibia and fibula
gomphoses
unite teeth with bone
2 types of cartilaginous joints
primary and secondary
primary cartilaginous (SYNCHONDROSIS)
united by hyaline cartilage, slight bending (i.e. growth plate)
secondary cartilaginous (symphysis or fibrocartilaginous)
bones united by fibrocartilage, strong and slighty moveable (discs are an example)
synovial joints
most common, most movement, most important for function. they have joint cavities that contain synovial fluid, articular cartilage on joint surfaces, articular capsule, some have tendons discs and pads.
6 types of synovial joints
plane, hinge, saddle, condyloid, ball & socket, pivot
plane
gliding/sliding (AC joint of shoulder)
hinge
flexion/extension (humeroulnar joint)
saddle
flexion/extension abduction/adduction (CMC joint)
condyloid
flexion/extension abduction/adduction (MCP joint)
ball & socket
movement in multiple axes and planes (hip joint)
pivot
rotation around central axis (C1 atlas and C2 axis)