Anatomy S2 Exam Flashcards

Back of eye where optic nerve pierces the retina

No rods or cones

Hertz - number of waves per second, same as frequency - measures pitch and frequency

measures volume/amplitude, ("loudness")

Cochlea

Semicircular canals, disequilibrium causes motion sickness

Organ of Corti

Secrete tears into a duct and moisten the eye. It is constantly turned on and is located superiorly and laterally to the eyeball.

(RBG) Red, blue, green. If all are activated, the color is white. If none are activated, it is black

Gather sound waves

funnel like structure that helps collect sound (Outer ear)

tube that connects to the eardrums (Outer ear)

Amplifies Sound

ossicles (Middle ear)

Complex system of tubes; where audition and balance takes place

Function in equilibrium and balance (Inner ear)

major component of hearing (Inner ear)

functional unit of hearing, contains hearing receptors (hairs) that have different sensitivities to sound (Inner ear)

Three small bones that amplify the sound - Malleus (hammer), Incus (anvil), Stapes (Stirrup)

nerve that conducts impulses to brain, for both audition and equilibrium signals

Tube that connects to the eardrums, from outer to inner

Eardrum, Sound vibrates and there is pressure change on it

Focuses light on the retina

Inner layer where focal point of light rays are focused in a normal length eye

Colored part of eye that changes the size of the pupil to control the amount of light

Opening in iris that allows light to enter

Outer layer of the eye, white in color, cornea is an extension of this

Region of sharpest vision, high proportion of cones, fovea centralis = depression on ML is sharpest

Middle layer of the eyeball, contains the most blood supply

Extension of the choroid layer that controls the shape of the lens by contracting and pulling on the lens to elongate it

Photoreceptors: rods = dim light and motion, cones = color and shape

Transparent extension of sclera in front of the eye, plays part with lens to refract light

Fills the inner compartment of eyeball, gel-like

Fills anterior compartments of eye, water-like

Cloudiness of the lens

Too much aq humor or not allowed to drain, internal pressure builds up, causing damage to the retina and eventually blindness

Irregularities of the cornea causes blurred vision

Eyeball too long, needs biconcave lens to diverge light enough for focal point to be moved further to retina

Eyeball to short, need biconvex lens to converge light enough for focal point to be moved closer to retina

Macula gradually is affected so central vision become obscured, number 1 age-related vision problems in U.S., world-wide is corneal disruptions

ducts or tubes, ex: sweat and salivary

do not require a duct or tube, secretes directly into body fluids, ex: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, gonads

Stimulates the ovarian follicles that eventually develop into eggs, same idea to create sperm in males

Contraction of the womb during childbirth and aid in prep for lactation

Antidiuretic, reduces the amount of water leaving the body through the kidneys

Stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk (lactation)

Fight/Flight response, commonly known as adrenaline/noradrenaline

45% are formed elements (RBC, WBC, platelets), 55% are liquid plasma (92 % water)

Erythrocytes, transports dissolved gasses

Leukocytes, combat injection, fight disease

Fragments of cells that control blood loss (clots), thrombocytes

Percentage of the formed elements, Not RBC, is composed of WBC and platelets

Iron-based protein in blood that helps transport oxygen

A cancer of the white blood cells, overproduction of WBC

Body has an inability to process bilirubin in the liver, skin turns yellow, mostly affects newborns, can affect anyone with liver problems

Lack of RBCs, blood doesn't carry enough oxygen

RBC's are deformed and their inability to carry oxygen causes many problems

Blood fails to clot due to lack of platelets

Average lifespan is 120 days (controlled by the negative feedback system)

infection or appendicitis (bacteria)

fever, flu, measles, chicken pox, AIDs, etc.(viral)

Donor: O – Acceptor: AB

contains antigen A and antibody B

contains antigen B and antibody A

contains antigen A/B and no antibodies

contains neither antigen A or B, but has A/B antibodies

RBC's clump together leading to issues, not good

blood clots to inhibit blood flow by thickening the blood, positive feedback system

The stoppage of bleeding

1. Blood Vessel spasm: cut or break in a blood vessel that temporarily constricts the vessel 2. Platelet Plug Formation: platelets stick to rough edges to form thin sheet 3. Blood Coagulation: blood clots by thickening, fibrin = net

clot against the wall of a closed vessel (lodged)

clot that moves inside a vessel (dislodged)

Differential WBC count, used to diagnose a disease

Production of blood cells in the red marrow, makes all blood cells

Lymphocyte: 2nd most numerous, provides immunity, "smartest" cells, T-cell/B-cell lymphocytes, longest living WBC (years)

2 chambers that make up the upper (superior) half of the heart, receiving blood from the lungs/body tissues.

2 chambers that make up the lower (inferior) half of the heart, pumps blood to the lungs/body

Body pump - Left Ventricle, Lung Pump - Right Ventricle

carries oxygen-rich blood away to body, strong/thick

extension of artery

exchanging of gasses, water, and nutrients, connects arterioles to venules

connects caps to veins, has valves

carry blood to the heart, thinner/less muscle, contains valves to prevent backflow

Pulmonary Artery: carries oxygen poor blood to the lungs

Pulmonary Vein: carries oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the heart

Vena cava →R. Atrium →Tricuspid Valve →R. Ventricle →Pulmonary SL Valve →Pulmonary Artery →Pulmonary(lungs) →Pulmonary vein →L. Atrium →Bicuspid/mitro valve →L. Ventricle →Aortic SL. Valve →Aorta

heart muscle begins to die because it isn't getting enough blood flow

when parts of your heart muscles become damaged/die from lack of oxygen because a thrombus or embolus in a coronary artery blocks blood flow. Treatments: medication (aspirin), stent, open heart bypass surgery.

Caused by a failure of heart valves closing completely, can be fixed by open heart surgery

small mass of cardiac muscle that starts nerve impulse to generate rhythmic contraction, located in the upper right atrium wall, also called the pacemaker.

small mass of cardiac muscle tissue b/w the atrium and ventricles that transmit an impulse to the ventricles that cause them to contract.

High blood pressure

A buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls. It is a narrowing of the arteries.

Propelling, moves food through the lumen of digestive organs

Occurs in stomach, mixes food w/ digestive juices

Semifluid mass of food that passes from the stomach to the small intestine

begins chemical (saliva) and mechanical (chewing) digestion

passageway for the bolus (common passageway for air and food)

connects the pharynx to the stomach

controls what enters the stomach

mixes the food with gastric juices

controls what leaves the stomach

absorbs nutrients and helps with chemical digestion

reabsorbs water

stores solid waste

allows waste to leave the body

CH. 15 (Digestive Packet) - PG. 8

Filters blood waste, reabsorbs 80% of the water GOAL: Regulate water and electrolyte concentrations within body fluids and remove waste from the blood Organ of osmoregulation and excretion 25% of cardiac output goes to the kidneys, and 20% of blood plasma

Funnel shaped tube that begins at the renal pelvis and empties into the bladder

Hollow, dispensable, muscular organ that stores urine and forces it into the urethra

Tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the outside

Primarily produce two hormones = Fight or flight response, sits on top of the kidneys ---> Epinephrine (adrenaline), Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Functional unit of the kidney. There are 1 million in each kidney.

Arise from the descending aorta and supply blood to the kidneys

Joins the inferior vena cava as it leaves the kidney

The muscle that moves your lungs when you're breathing. It contracts during inspiration and relaxes during expiration.

Presence of carbon dioxide

Flap of cartilage that covers the trachea when swallowing to prevent food and liquid from passing into the trachea.

Membrane that lines the surface of the lungs

Membrane that lines the outer wall of the thoracic cavity.

Amount of air moving in and out of lungs during a respiratory cycle

Amount of air moving into the lungs during forced breathing + TV

Amount of air moving out of the lungs during forced breathing + TV

Amount of air left in lungs after a forced exhalation

Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible

Total volume of air that the lungs can hold.

Tube that delivers sperm from the testes to the urethra, loops through everything

Conducting duct, nursery for sperm, grows here and helps propel

Bottom of bladder, secretes milky fluid w/ enzymes, cancer = treatable

Cleaning solution, neutralizes the acidity of past urine in the tract

Structure w/ epididymis, male gonads

Prostate Cancer 2nd leading cause (from cancer) in death, 1 in 7 men will be diagnosed

Carries eggs, where egg should be fertilized

Finger-like extensions, draws egg in

Muscular organ, where egg is implanted

Guard duty, guards the passageway into the uterus from the vagina, blocking sperm from entering when a woman is not ovulating

Female gonads, produce eggs

Breast Cancer 1 in 8 women will be diagnosed, 2nd leading cause of death among women

Ear(5), Eye(7), Heart(8), Digestive system(8), Urinary(4)