front 1 BLIND SPOT | back 1 Back of eye where optic nerve pierces the retina No rods or cones |
front 2 Pitch | back 2 Hertz - number of waves per second, same as frequency - measures pitch and frequency |
front 3 Decibels | back 3 measures volume/amplitude, ("loudness") |
front 4 ORGAN OF HEARING | back 4 Cochlea |
front 5 ORGAN OF EQUILIBRIUM | back 5 Semicircular canals, disequilibrium causes motion sickness |
front 6 Functional unit of hearing | back 6 Organ of Corti |
front 7 LACRIMAL GLANDS | back 7 Secrete tears into a duct and moisten the eye. It is constantly turned on and is located superiorly and laterally to the eyeball. |
front 8 3 colors of color receptors | back 8 (RBG) Red, blue, green. If all are activated, the color is white. If none are activated, it is black |
front 9 Outer Ear | back 9 Gather sound waves |
front 10 Auricle/Pinna | back 10 funnel like structure that helps collect sound (Outer ear) |
front 11 External Auditory Meatus | back 11 tube that connects to the eardrums (Outer ear) |
front 12 Middle Ear | back 12 Amplifies Sound |
front 13 3 bones that conduct energy from outer to middle to inner ear | back 13 ossicles (Middle ear) |
front 14 Inner Ear | back 14 Complex system of tubes; where audition and balance takes place |
front 15 Semicircular Canals | back 15 Function in equilibrium and balance (Inner ear) |
front 16 Cochlea | back 16 major component of hearing (Inner ear) |
front 17 Organ of Corti | back 17 functional unit of hearing, contains hearing receptors (hairs) that have different sensitivities to sound (Inner ear) |
front 18 Auditory Ossicles | back 18 Three small bones that amplify the sound - Malleus (hammer), Incus (anvil), Stapes (Stirrup) |
front 19 Vestibulocochlear Nerve | back 19 nerve that conducts impulses to brain, for both audition and equilibrium signals |
front 20 External Auditory Meatus | back 20 Tube that connects to the eardrums, from outer to inner |
front 21 Tympanic Membrane | back 21 Eardrum, Sound vibrates and there is pressure change on it |
front 22 Lens | back 22 Focuses light on the retina |
front 23 Retina | back 23 Inner layer where focal point of light rays are focused in a normal length eye |
front 24 Iris | back 24 Colored part of eye that changes the size of the pupil to control the amount of light |
front 25 Pupil | back 25 Opening in iris that allows light to enter |
front 26 Sclera | back 26 Outer layer of the eye, white in color, cornea is an extension of this |
front 27 Macula Lutea | back 27 Region of sharpest vision, high proportion of cones, fovea centralis = depression on ML is sharpest |
front 28 Choroid | back 28 Middle layer of the eyeball, contains the most blood supply |
front 29 Ciliary Muscles | back 29 Extension of the choroid layer that controls the shape of the lens by contracting and pulling on the lens to elongate it |
front 30 Rods and Cones | back 30 Photoreceptors: rods = dim light and motion, cones = color and shape |
front 31 Cornea | back 31 Transparent extension of sclera in front of the eye, plays part with lens to refract light |
front 32 Vitreous Humor | back 32 Fills the inner compartment of eyeball, gel-like |
front 33 Aqueous Humor | back 33 Fills anterior compartments of eye, water-like |
front 34 Cataracts | back 34 Cloudiness of the lens |
front 35 Glaucoma | back 35 Too much aq humor or not allowed to drain, internal pressure builds up, causing damage to the retina and eventually blindness |
front 36 Astigmatism | back 36 Irregularities of the cornea causes blurred vision |
front 37 How to Fix Myopia | back 37 Eyeball too long, needs biconcave lens to diverge light enough for focal point to be moved further to retina |
front 38 Hyperopia | back 38 Eyeball to short, need biconvex lens to converge light enough for focal point to be moved closer to retina |
front 39 Macular Degeneration | back 39 Macula gradually is affected so central vision become obscured, number 1 age-related vision problems in U.S., world-wide is corneal disruptions |
front 40 Exocrine | back 40 ducts or tubes, ex: sweat and salivary |
front 41 Endocrine gland | back 41 do not require a duct or tube, secretes directly into body fluids, ex: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, gonads |
front 42 FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) | back 42 Stimulates the ovarian follicles that eventually develop into eggs, same idea to create sperm in males |
front 43 Oxytocin | back 43 Contraction of the womb during childbirth and aid in prep for lactation |
front 44 ADH | back 44 Antidiuretic, reduces the amount of water leaving the body through the kidneys |
front 45 Prolactin | back 45 Stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk (lactation) |
front 46 Epinephrine | back 46 Fight/Flight response, commonly known as adrenaline/noradrenaline |
front 47 Compositions of blood | back 47 45% are formed elements (RBC, WBC, platelets), 55% are liquid plasma (92 % water) |
front 48 Red Blood Cells | back 48 Erythrocytes, transports dissolved gasses |
front 49 White Blood Cells | back 49 Leukocytes, combat injection, fight disease |
front 50 Platelets | back 50 Fragments of cells that control blood loss (clots), thrombocytes |
front 51 Buffy coat | back 51 Percentage of the formed elements, Not RBC, is composed of WBC and platelets |
front 52 Hemoglobin | back 52 Iron-based protein in blood that helps transport oxygen |
front 53 Leukemia | back 53 A cancer of the white blood cells, overproduction of WBC |
front 54 Jaundice | back 54 Body has an inability to process bilirubin in the liver, skin turns yellow, mostly affects newborns, can affect anyone with liver problems |
front 55 Anemia | back 55 Lack of RBCs, blood doesn't carry enough oxygen |
front 56 Sickle-Cell anemia | back 56 RBC's are deformed and their inability to carry oxygen causes many problems |
front 57 Hemophelia | back 57 Blood fails to clot due to lack of platelets |
front 58 Lifespan of RBC | back 58 Average lifespan is 120 days (controlled by the negative feedback system) |
front 59 ***WBC count over 10,500 is indication of.... | back 59 infection or appendicitis (bacteria) |
front 60 ***WBC count under 3,500(5,000) indicates .... | back 60 fever, flu, measles, chicken pox, AIDs, etc.(viral) |
front 61 Universal donor vs. acceptor | back 61 Donor: O – Acceptor: AB |
front 62 Type A blood | back 62 contains antigen A and antibody B |
front 63 Type B blood | back 63 contains antigen B and antibody A |
front 64 Type AB blood | back 64 contains antigen A/B and no antibodies |
front 65 Type O blood | back 65 contains neither antigen A or B, but has A/B antibodies |
front 66 Agglutination | back 66 RBC's clump together leading to issues, not good |
front 67 Coagulation | back 67 blood clots to inhibit blood flow by thickening the blood, positive feedback system |
front 68 Hemostasis | back 68 The stoppage of bleeding |
front 69 Process of Hemostasis (3 steps) | back 69 1. Blood Vessel spasm: cut or break in a blood vessel that temporarily constricts the vessel 2. Platelet Plug Formation: platelets stick to rough edges to form thin sheet 3. Blood Coagulation: blood clots by thickening, fibrin = net |
front 70 Thrombus | back 70 clot against the wall of a closed vessel (lodged) |
front 71 Embolus | back 71 clot that moves inside a vessel (dislodged) |
front 72 DIFF | back 72 Differential WBC count, used to diagnose a disease |
front 73 Hematopoiesis | back 73 Production of blood cells in the red marrow, makes all blood cells |
front 74 Smartest WBC | back 74 Lymphocyte: 2nd most numerous, provides immunity, "smartest" cells, T-cell/B-cell lymphocytes, longest living WBC (years) |
front 75 Atrium | back 75 2 chambers that make up the upper (superior) half of the heart, receiving blood from the lungs/body tissues. |
front 76 Ventricles | back 76 2 chambers that make up the lower (inferior) half of the heart, pumps blood to the lungs/body |
front 77 Main pump for body/lungs | back 77 Body pump - Left Ventricle, Lung Pump - Right Ventricle |
front 78 Artery | back 78 carries oxygen-rich blood away to body, strong/thick |
front 79 Arterioles | back 79 extension of artery |
front 80 Capillaries | back 80 exchanging of gasses, water, and nutrients, connects arterioles to venules |
front 81 Venules | back 81 connects caps to veins, has valves |
front 82 Veins | back 82 carry blood to the heart, thinner/less muscle, contains valves to prevent backflow |
front 83 Exception to arteries carrying rich blood | back 83 Pulmonary Artery: carries oxygen poor blood to the lungs |
front 84 Exception to vein carrying poor blood | back 84 Pulmonary Vein: carries oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the heart |
front 85 Pathway of blood | back 85 Vena cava →R. Atrium →Tricuspid Valve →R. Ventricle →Pulmonary SL Valve →Pulmonary Artery →Pulmonary(lungs) →Pulmonary vein →L. Atrium →Bicuspid/mitro valve →L. Ventricle →Aortic SL. Valve →Aorta |
front 86 Myocardial infarction | back 86 heart muscle begins to die because it isn't getting enough blood flow |
front 87 Heart attack | back 87 when parts of your heart muscles become damaged/die from lack of oxygen because a thrombus or embolus in a coronary artery blocks blood flow. Treatments: medication (aspirin), stent, open heart bypass surgery. |
front 88 Heart murmur | back 88 Caused by a failure of heart valves closing completely, can be fixed by open heart surgery |
front 89 Sinoatrial Node | back 89 small mass of cardiac muscle that starts nerve impulse to generate rhythmic contraction, located in the upper right atrium wall, also called the pacemaker. |
front 90 Atrioventricular Node | back 90 small mass of cardiac muscle tissue b/w the atrium and ventricles that transmit an impulse to the ventricles that cause them to contract. |
front 91 Hypertension | back 91 High blood pressure |
front 92 Ateriosclerosis | back 92 A buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls. It is a narrowing of the arteries. |
front 93 Peristalsis | back 93 Propelling, moves food through the lumen of digestive organs |
front 94 Mixing | back 94 Occurs in stomach, mixes food w/ digestive juices |
front 95 Chyme | back 95 Semifluid mass of food that passes from the stomach to the small intestine |
front 96 Mouth | back 96 begins chemical (saliva) and mechanical (chewing) digestion |
front 97 Pharynx | back 97 passageway for the bolus (common passageway for air and food) |
front 98 Esophagus | back 98 connects the pharynx to the stomach |
front 99 Cardiac Sphincter | back 99 controls what enters the stomach |
front 100 Stomach | back 100 mixes the food with gastric juices |
front 101 Pyloric Sphincter | back 101 controls what leaves the stomach |
front 102 Small Intestine | back 102 absorbs nutrients and helps with chemical digestion |
front 103 Large Intestine | back 103 reabsorbs water |
front 104 Rectum | back 104 stores solid waste |
front 105 Anus | back 105 allows waste to leave the body |
front 106 DISCOVERY QUESTIONS | back 106 CH. 15 (Digestive Packet) - PG. 8 |
front 107 Kidney | back 107 Filters blood waste, reabsorbs 80% of the water GOAL: Regulate water and electrolyte concentrations within body fluids and remove waste from the blood Organ of osmoregulation and excretion 25% of cardiac output goes to the kidneys, and 20% of blood plasma |
front 108 Ureters | back 108 Funnel shaped tube that begins at the renal pelvis and empties into the bladder |
front 109 Bladder | back 109 Hollow, dispensable, muscular organ that stores urine and forces it into the urethra |
front 110 Urethra | back 110 Tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the outside |
front 111 Adrenal Glands | back 111 Primarily produce two hormones = Fight or flight response, sits on top of the kidneys ---> Epinephrine (adrenaline), Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) |
front 112 Nephrons | back 112 Functional unit of the kidney. There are 1 million in each kidney. |
front 113 Renal Artery | back 113 Arise from the descending aorta and supply blood to the kidneys |
front 114 Renal Vein | back 114 Joins the inferior vena cava as it leaves the kidney |
front 115 Diaphragm | back 115 The muscle that moves your lungs when you're breathing. It contracts during inspiration and relaxes during expiration. |
front 116 MAIN factor that increases resp. Rate | back 116 Presence of carbon dioxide |
front 117 Function of Epiglottis | back 117 Flap of cartilage that covers the trachea when swallowing to prevent food and liquid from passing into the trachea. |
front 118 Visceral Pleura | back 118 Membrane that lines the surface of the lungs |
front 119 Parietal Pleura | back 119 Membrane that lines the outer wall of the thoracic cavity. |
front 120 Tidal Volume | back 120 Amount of air moving in and out of lungs during a respiratory cycle |
front 121 Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) | back 121 Amount of air moving into the lungs during forced breathing + TV |
front 122 Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) | back 122 Amount of air moving out of the lungs during forced breathing + TV |
front 123 Residual Volume (RV) | back 123 Amount of air left in lungs after a forced exhalation |
front 124 Vital Capacity (VC) | back 124 Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible |
front 125 Total Lung Capacity (TLC) | back 125 Total volume of air that the lungs can hold. |
front 126 Vas Deferens | back 126 Tube that delivers sperm from the testes to the urethra, loops through everything |
front 127 Epididymis | back 127 Conducting duct, nursery for sperm, grows here and helps propel |
front 128 Prostate Gland | back 128 Bottom of bladder, secretes milky fluid w/ enzymes, cancer = treatable |
front 129 Bulbourethral Gland | back 129 Cleaning solution, neutralizes the acidity of past urine in the tract |
front 130 Testes | back 130 Structure w/ epididymis, male gonads |
front 131 Most common male reproductive CANCER | back 131 Prostate Cancer 2nd leading cause (from cancer) in death, 1 in 7 men will be diagnosed |
front 132 Fallopian Tubes | back 132 Carries eggs, where egg should be fertilized |
front 133 Fimbriae | back 133 Finger-like extensions, draws egg in |
front 134 Uterus | back 134 Muscular organ, where egg is implanted |
front 135 Cervix | back 135 Guard duty, guards the passageway into the uterus from the vagina, blocking sperm from entering when a woman is not ovulating |
front 136 Ovaries | back 136 Female gonads, produce eggs |
front 137 Most common female reproductive CANCER | back 137 Breast Cancer 1 in 8 women will be diagnosed, 2nd leading cause of death among women |
front 138 DIAGRAMS TO KNOW | back 138 Ear(5), Eye(7), Heart(8), Digestive system(8), Urinary(4) |