Unit 1 Laboratory Basics and Pertinent Lab Safety Flashcards

- 1 part sample
- 23 part H2O
- add the component to an actual amount ex sample has 5 uL and the H2O has 115uL
- total volume = 120uL
-120/5 = 24
therefore 1:24

DILUTION!

- 10 parts
- 1:2
- 2
- 0.5

- 15 parts
- 1:3
- 3
- 0.3333

when we want to access antibody concentration/strength
aka titers.

1.94 mg/dl

1.18 mL
(notice how final volume is in different units compared to final concentration)

500 mL

46 mL

125 cubed is 5.
- 1 part sample
- 4 parts H2O
- prefill 3 tubes up with H2O
1 part sample + 4 parts H2O = 1:5 + 4 parts water = 1:25 + 4 parts water = 1:125

0.95 liter

30 mL

28.350 grams

454 grams

3.28 feet

C=(F-32)/1.8

(C x 1.8) + 32

350,000

Normality = Molarity * eq/mol

0.370 L

0.00125 mol/L{M) Ca

6.02 x 10²³

charged particles given off from a substance

molarity * Valence

HCL = 36.5 g/mol
36.5 g/L HCL = 1 M
36.5 g/L HCL = 1 N

H2SO4 = 98 g/mol
98g/L H2SO4 = 1M
98g/L H2SO4 = 2N

Molar mass = 58

valence = 2

Normality = molarity * valence,

1*2 = 2 N
therefore take 58 grams of Mg (OH) 2 and fill up wither water 1L, then you get 1M solution or 2N

(w/v)% = g of solute/100mL of solution
(w/w) = g of solute / 100 g of solution
(v/v) = mL of solute / 100mL of solution

2 x [Na] + [glucose/18] + [urea BUN/2.8] + [EtOH/4.6] aka optional only used in suspected alcohol overdose.

1.0 g/mL OR 1.0 kg/L and has a SG of 1.0

sink in water

float in water

NOTICE THOSE WATER IONS WILL SCREW UP THE CALCULATION.
- we need to ratio 1 mol of MgSO4 = 120.366g and 7 mol H2O = 126 g (120.366+126=246g) 246/120.366 = 2.05 ratio.
YOU NEED 2.05 TIMES THE AMOUNT OF MGSO4 to get enough.
(2.05 * 2 MgSO4) + then fill it up to 100 mL of H2O

Multiply the ratio of the Hydrated Compound divided by the Anhydrous Compound

Hydrated Compound / Anhydrous Compound = Hydration Correction Ratio

note: The hydration correction ratio is always greater than 1.

5.3 g

mean- 121.2
median - 124
mode- 127
Diabetes is defined as a fasting blood sugar of 126. the mean and median tell me no but the mode tells me yes. they should be diagnosed with insulin insensitivity leading to a lifestyle change before getting full on diabetes.

1.019

SD of 2 = (2 / 10) x 100 = 20
SD of 1 = (1 / 10) x 100 = 10
SD of 2 has a greater coefficient of variation because, as a general rule, the values will vary more from sample to sample than they do with an SD of 1.

FALSE. we call them reference intervals this is because what is normal for one hospital will be different than what's "normal" at another

is a result over a specific value, over which deleterious effects are nearly uncertainty
- they are require immediate attention by the attending physician.
- a documented phone call is required because the result could mean immediate intervention.

1- ask if they are taking care of the pt
2- give 2nd pt identifier
3- report out the result
4- have them repeat the result
5- document the Dr.'s or nurse's name to whom you reported to

One value >2SD away from the mean (if the limits of the test are 2SD)

One value >3SD away from the mean

Two consecutive values exceed the same 2SD away from the mean

- Two consecutive values that exceed 4SD from one another

- Four consecutive values exceeding the same 1SD from the mean

10 consecutive values on one side of the mean

1_2S

list of all chemicals in the lab and instructions of proper disposal. directions on maintaining safety devices. keeps record of employee training with PPE

list of steps that should be preformed upon exposure to a chemical

designed to ensure the protection of lab employees against potential expose of blood born pathogens

designed to ensure the protection of the lab employees against potential exposure to blood borne pathogens. every lab is required to have sops for this plan.

1- Glucose drawn from an IV line infusing dextrose (Dextrose has a higher concentration than normal glucose)
2- cations measured from plasma collected in a short EDTA tube
3- Short sampling may leave elevated anticoagulant to blood ration. It dilutes the sample
4- inappropriate test performed
5- specimen mislabeling

only good for one day or a few hours on the day of testing, but they are performed to improve reliability.

Two controls (high and low)

One (positive or negative) without a range of values

1) Bad/incorrect reagents
2) Bad/incorrect standards
3) contaminated glassware
4) incorrect pipette
5) incorrect calculations
6) incorrect temp
7) improper technique

- Health hazard blue diamond

- 0-4 the higher the # the more deadly.

0 = normal material

4 = deadly

Note: water= health

- Fire hazard red diamond

- 0-4 highest temps stuff will burn to lowest. the lower the temp the more dangerous.

0 = will not burn at all

4 = will burn at room temp (73 F)

note:fire= red

- Reactive isotopes yellow diamond.

0-4

0 = stable

4 = may detonate @ rest

Note: yellow= yellow hazmat for radiation

"grab bag for whatever doesn't fit in the other categories"
ACID, ALK, COR, OXY, RADIOACTIVE, USE NO WATER

reverse osmosis or distillation.

water is forced through a semipermeable membrane that acts as a filter.

1) reverse osmosis

2) Deionization filter water passes through ion-exchanged filters and reduces mineral content in water.

3) charcoal filters may be added to further reduce organic compounds present.

4) particulate filter" gatekeeper filter then blocks anything bigger than 0.22 Micrometers from passing through.

(relatively inefficient at removing glucose or other biomolecules

type 1 - Most pure critical laboratory applications ex: HPLC, Gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, cell culture, and in-vitro fertilization
type 2 -don’t need ultra pure non-critical laboratory applications (buffers, ph solutions, micro culture medias, incubators,
type 3 -sink water in house not used for testing (rinsing glassware, autoclaves, heating baths, humidifiers.

1) resistivity - @ 25 C > 10 mega alms (too much means a lot of ions to conduct electricity
2) not a lot of bugs so maximum of 10 CFU mL
3) can not have carbons - <500 ng/g (parts per billion)
4) can't have silicates (0.05 mg SIO2/L
5) Cant have particulates. water needs to pass through 0.22 micro meters filter

PolyProPylene - Plastic Pipette tips, flexible or rigid, chemically resistant.

PolyeThylene - Test tubes, bottles, stoppers, racks. May (e)bsorb proteins, dyes, stains, and picric acid.

PolyCarbonate - Centrifuge tubes, graduated Cylinders, and flasks. Usable temperature range is -100˚C to 160˚C. Not for strong acids, strong bases, or oxidizing agents.

PolyStyrene - Rigid, should NOT be autoclaved. Will crack and Splinter when crushed. Not resistant to most hydrocarbons, ketones, and alcohols.

Low actinic glass, used in control material, calibrators, and reagents

high thermal resistance, with red color added to provide protection from light and still permit visibility

Regular glass, used in old, decrepit houses, and possibly some outdated beakers and flasks

Low thermal resistance, no/minimal protection from light, break easily

1) Transfer - volumetric

2) Measuring - graduated or serologic

To contain (TC) - how much the pipette holds, Class A is the most accurate

To deliver (TD) - how much the pipette actually delivers

To deliver/blowout (TD/blowout) - requires an extra step which may introduce some inaccuracy

to transfer amount of sample between 2 lines.

most accurate in measuring volume. bubble in the center. T/C.

uses a piston to displace air and facilitate aspiration and ejection of the sample. ex- disposable pipette tips.
nothing comes in contact with plunger.

uses a capillary tip made of glass or plastic with a teflon coated plunger. requires washing to flushing between samples.

0.21 micro meters

NO. we have true positives but it can also be a false positive. Be more specific with test types.

Picric acid - caution when using glass jars with evaporated picrate on lid. associated with Jaffe reagent for creatine testing

allows sample to move in a horizontal position creating a solid pellet at bottom of tube.

centrifuges at angles between 25-52. during centrifuge particles move down the sides of the tube and form sediment. designed for much faster speeds and forces

MUCH larger, used to fractionate lipoproteins, drug-binding assays, and prepare tissue.

a swinging bucket rotor

1 - analytical grade : the most pure substances available, list all impurity's
2 - chemically pure grade : good quality, but meeting no official standard, no listing of impurities
3 - practical grade : good enough quality for industrial processes not lab
4 - reagent grade : quality chemicals which can be used for most reagents.

If you see an answer that has to do with proper use and conservation of any resource that you use in the labs, that’s going to be the right answer. We don’t need to go into these in depth, because they make up such a miniscule portion of your test and there are so many regulations, that you would put in so much effort for such little benefit.

Washing your hands after you take your gloves off. The use of antibacterial soap is NOT as important as the physical act of washing your hands with water.

He is walking into the laboratory with a POTENTIALLY hazardous substance. If he is only taking it over to the lab, he should put on gloves. If he is performing the test, then he will need a lab coat, possibly a respirator if they are performing Tuberculosis testing. If this sample is to be assessed for a suspicion of Tuberculosis, then it should be transported with special flags.

SDS in the laboratory. Sure, she could roll the dice and try to find a website, but unless her google-fu is strong, she is likely to find some misleading information.

Jaffe reagent and he is using picric acid

The correct answer is B) A, B, dry chemical. This would be considered a class B fire because of all the oozing booze on the floor. Remember, flammable liquids kick the classification up to class B. There are also elements of ordinary burning material, like various linens, wood, the bar, and chairs are probably made of wood. If there is metal in the chairs, then it may or may not combust, but the firefighters are prepared for that if it should happen.

The correct answer is B) CLSI. The Clinical Laboratory Safety Institute was previously called the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act (CLIA), so you may hear that term as well. If you do, they mean the same thing.

correct answer is C) Hazardous is the 2 in the blue square, Flash point >200 ̊F is
the 1 in the red square, Unstable if heated is the 1 in the yellow square, and the W with a line through it means, don’t use water.

The run should be rejected because of the R_4s rule.

10 patients do have acetaminophen toxicity when the disease is at 23 mg/dL. 20 patients do NOT have acetaminophen toxicity at 23 mg/dL. Roughly 2/3 do NOT have the disease at the same level that 1/3 of patients with acetaminophen toxicity do have the condition. You can never be too careful when interpreting test results because some values can exist in this normal/disease curve overlap.

The correct answer is C) 4_1S,

because you see there are 4 values in a row above the 1_SD line. This might suggest a shift or a drift. The proper procedure would be to reject the QC run and rerun the samples. Then if they are still out, consider grabbing different bottles of standards

Answer:
The correct answer is D) Overlapping region, but on the normal reference curve.

Even though 126 is technically diagnostic of diabetes, this patient has been steadfast in performing lifestyle modification to reduce his risks for diabetic complications. This is the likely reason why the fasting plasma glucose came down to 126 mg/dL. That value is technically considered negative for diabetes, but in the clinical context the physician needs to watch this patient closely over the next few weeks. He is still hyperglycemic, just not as much as he was last month. He might be diagnosed with insulin insensitivity.

The correct answer is A) 1_2s.

This is the initial test before moving on to any other tests. If there is not a single value >2SD, then you can accept the run. 68.2% of the time, this will be the case. For the other 31.8% of the time, when the value exceeds 1SD, then we go down the laundry list of other Westgard Rules we need to follow. Basically, if you have a standard that is >2SD, then it flags us to a potential problem. That is okay if it happens once, but we need to keep our ears to the ground because if anything was fishy, then if something is wrong or is getting worse, then it will likely break one of the other Westgard Rules on the next run. If you are back within 2SD, that means that the value was just an outlier. 4.2% of the time, the value will be between 2-3SD from the mean value ... and that is completely fine. We just have to make sure that weird values like that don’t continue

The sample is likely lipemic because he just ingested an entire burger and a
shake. With lipemia, the fats take up physical space in your blood. So, when
the sample is taken in to the vacutainer tube, it contains your blood, and also
fats, which take up physical space. The quantity of electrolytes is affected
because they are hydrophilic, meaning that they like to hang out in water.
Because the lipids are occupying one side of the couch the electrolytes can
only sit in the other two seats of the couch, but the machine calculates a
volume. It counts the fatty space as volume which electrolytes should occupy,
but they don’t. Therefore the result which the computer spits out is falsely
decreased. The real concentration is much higher than that! Of note, potassium
and bicarbonate are less likely to be affected by this problem.

Granted, crazy things happen in the ED, so it’s not easy to get 5 mL of blood on each patient. The issue is that depending on which vacutainer tube was used, it could have an anticoagulant in it that will interfere with the testing at such high concentrations, because now the proper anticoagulant :blood ratio has been thrown off. In all likelihood, I think this sample could still be ran with a note on the result informing the doctor what happened with the sample. They’re used to this sort of thing and know how to interpret it

3.33

1 N HCL because there is 1 equivalent in 1 mol of HCl

The correct answer is A)

He didn’t look closely at the units. 42.4 ̊C is 100 ̊F, which is pretty hot.

The correct answer is 0.00014 M.
3.7 mg x (1 g / 1000 mg) = 0.0037 g
0.0037 g / 36.46 g/mol = 0.0001 mol
0.0001 mol / 0.7 L = 0.00014 M

The correct answer is 2.9 mg/dL
1 L = 10 dL
C1V1 = C2V2
V2 = initial volume of 10 dL + 2 dL of water = total volume of water (12 dL)
3.5 x 10 = C2 x 12
C2 = 35 / 12
C2 = 2.9 mg/dL