Epidemiology, as defined in this lesson, would NOT include which of the following activities?
Prescribing an antibiotic to treat a patient with community-acquired methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infection.
Methodology of epidemiology studies include:
- descriptive studies
- analytical studies
- experimental studies
"DAE"
- D - descriptive studies
- A - analytical studies
- E -experimental studies
The best description for epidemiology is
To study the distribution of disease and health status in the population and the factors that determine the spread of health outcomes
In the definition of epidemiology, "distribution" does not refer to
Why
Historically, who is the first epidemiologist?
Hippocrates
Which of the statements is right?
Epidemiology focuses attention on a population level rather than the individual level
Epidemiology focused on the following areas except
Personal clinical treatment
The hallmark feature of an analytical epidemiologic study is
Use of an appropriate comparison group
Point prevalence rate is defined as the number of
Existing cases at a point of time divided by the population at the point of time
There were 7 children who came down with the hand-mouth-foot disease in kindergarten in April. About 1 week later, 5 siblings of these 7 children(out of a total of 10 siblings) developed the hand-mouth-foot disease. The secondary attack rate among siblings was, therefore
5/10
In a community of 100,000 persons, there are 1000 cases of disease and 200 deaths due to that disease during one year. What is the cause-specific mortality rate for that year?
200 per 100,000
If there was a new drug that prolongs survival but does not cure a fatal disease, what effect would the drug have on the measures of disease?
The prevalence of the disease would increase
Which of the following mortality rates uses the estimated total mid-year population as its denominator?
Cause-specific mortality rate
What form is called if the continuous occurrence at an expected frequency over a certain period of time and in a certain geographical location?
Endemic
There are three basic elements of epidemic process, including:
- Reservoir of infection
- Route of transmission
- Herd susceptibility
Which of the states is NOT the general way to control infectious disease?
Vulnerable move in
Which does NOT belong to the indirect transmission of communicable disease?
Kissing
Which is NOT the advantage of a cross-sectional study?
Can be used to establish casual relationships
Which of the following characteristics do descriptive studies have?
Describe the characteristics of disease distribution and provide a clue to the cause of the disease
Michael hands out a survey to find out the average age and schooling level of his class. What type of research is this?
Descriptive study
A research tried to conduct a survey to estimate a population proportion of smoking from a simple random sample, which of the following is WRONG?
The higher the estimate of the actual prevalence(P), the larger the sample size
Following the state about the disease distribution by person, which is incorrect?
Gender is one acquired determinant of disease
In order to explore the relationship between alcohol drinking and colon cancer, 100 newly diagnosed cases with colon cancer and 200 cases compared with age and gender who come to the clinic for orthopaedic operation are selected to compare their history of drinking, this study design belongs to:
Case-control study
Which one is not the characteristic of case-control study:
It may calculate the relative risk by comparison of the incidences of two groups
Compared with case-control study, one of the advantages of cohort study is
It clearly demonstrates an appropriate temporal sequence
Which of the following bias is NOT mentioned in the case-control study?
Follow-up bias
What kind of case is the best choice in case-control studies
Incidence case
The purpose of matching design in case-control study is to control
Confounding bias
The sensitivity of a screening test is
The ability of the test to identify correctly those who have the disease
How good was the test depends on
- How good was the test in correctly identifying those who had the disease
- How good was the test in correctly identifying those who did not have the disease
- How much the test agreed with ""gold standard"
The screening is secondary prevention programs that involve early disease detection and intervention
True
A fundamental characteristic of a cohort study is that
The investigator will designate the subjects to the exposed or unexposed group ad follow them up to see the occurrence of new cases
We can use telephone calls or mailed questionnaire during the cohort study follow-up
True
Recall bias can be effectively removed through
None of the above(i.e. matching, standardization, multivariate analysis, stratification)
A fundamental characteristic of cohort study:
The investigator will designate the subjects to the exposed or unexposed group and follow them to see the occurrence of new cases.
In a cohort study the subjects should be selected as follows:
The exposed and unexposed groups from the population who have not had the outcome disease
What type of the comparison group chosen is NOT mentioned in cohort study?
Confounding group
What bias will raise if follow-up is incomplete in cohort study?
Selection bias
Which one is the advantage of a general population cohort?
It considers a large number of common exposures in relation to a large number of outcomes
Assume in a case-control study of the association between occupational exposure to benzene and risk of leukaemia, relative to no exposure, the odds ratios and 95% Cl are low exposure, 1.3(1.0-2.1); moderate exposure, 1.8(1.5-2.4), and high exposure, 2.5(2.0-3.1). Among the following criteria for establishing a causal relationship, the best description is:
Presence of dose-response relationship
The hallmark of analytical epidemiologic study is
Statistical analysis using logistic regression
Which statement is right
Epidemiology focuses attention at the population level rather than the individual level
The occurrence of an illness at a rate above the expected number is called:
Epidemic
Point prevalence rate is defined as the number of
Existing cases at a point of time divided by the population at that point of time
In a community of 100,00 persons, there are 1000 cases of disease and 200 deaths due to that disease during one year. What is the fatality rate during one year? What is the fatality rate for that year?
200 per 1,000
In the disease hypertension, which is one of the distal factors
Sport facilities
For diabetes, which one belongs to a secondary prevention strategy?
Early detection
To take the "sweet pills" to prevent against polio is
Primary prevention
The first step in conducting an investigation into an epidemic is to:
Verify the diagnosis
The food responsible for an outbreak of gastroenteritis after a dinner party must be determined. If no residue is available for analysis the best advice will come from:
Determine the attack rates of those who did and did not eat the foods