Know what metabolism is.
chemical reaction takes place in living organisms
example-growth and repair
what does the cell theory state?
all living things contain cells
which 2 scientists are credited with the cell theory?
schleiden & swann
What does homeostasis in living organisms involve?
maintaining internal environment
What is one benefit of sexual over asexual reproduction?
genetic variation
What is hereditary information encoded with?
DNA
At what level does the evolution of a species operate?
population
How do prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes doesn’t have nucleus and eukaryotes does
What is the basic level of chemical organization?
atom
Know what a population is.
Same species in the same area at the same time
Know what inorganic compounds are.
lack carbon
example-glucose
Know how many valence electrons make a complete valence shell.
8
Know how to calculate the atomic mass of an atom.
Add protons to neutrons
How do isotopes differ from each other?
Isotopes differ by number of neutrons
How does an atom become a cation?
Lose electrons
What are carbohydrate molecules a source of?
Energy
Which carbohydrate is most structurally complex?
Cellulose
Know what hydrolysis is the breakdown of?
Fat
What do amyloplasts store?
Starch
What does an amphipathic molecule have?
Hydrophobic end and hydrophilic end
Which level is protein structure of peptide bonds most important?
Primary level
What is the primary function of molecular proteins?
Folding the proteins correctly
Why is ATP important in living organisms?
Transfer energy
What is the biggest difference in DNA and RNA?
Different sugar, DNA has deoxyribose and RNA uses ribose
Why is it advantageous for cells to be small?
Increases built in transport
Nucleoli specializes in making what?
rRNA
Know what protein synthesis is.
Involves toxin breaking down
Smooth ER synthesizes what?
Lipids
What increases the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Cristae
Know the cell structures that are not found in plant cells.
Vacuole, cell wall, chloroplast
What structure gives rise to down’s syndrome?
Spindle
Know the plasma membrane.
Two layers of phospholipids
Know what hydrophobic means.
fear water
What Is another name for integral proteins.
Transmembrane protein
What is meant by the term fluid mosaic model?
Does movement of lipids and protein
Know the definition of diffusion.
Goes from a area of greater to lesser concentration
Know the definition of active transport.
Going against gradient
A human white blood cell is engulfs a bacterial by?
Phagocytosis
What is the ultimate source of energy for almost all living things?
Sun
What do catabolic reactions involve?
Breakdown large organic molecules
The transfer of electrons from one compound to another is equivalent to what?
Energy
Since enzymes affect the speed of reactions without being consumed they are called what?
Catalyst
Know what catabolism is?
Split in molecules in smaller components
During glycolysis, 6 carbon glucose molecule is converted to 2 three carbon molecules of what?
Pyruvate
Know what chemiosmosis is.
Hydrogen is pumped across mitochondria
Light behaves not only as waves, but also as particles called what?
Photon
All living things are classified into 2 general trophic groups called?
Autotrophs and heterotrophs
Plants, algae and bacteria are what?
producers
What part of the chlorophyll molecule is responsible for absorbing light?
Porphyrin
ATP and NADPH are produced during what part of photosynthesis?
Light dependent
Know which colors chlorophyll absorbs and reflects.
Red and blue absorbs and green reflects
Chromosomes become duplicated during which phase?
S phase
What is responsible for the separation of chromosomes during anaphase of mitosis?
Mitotic spindle in anaphase
An animal with a diploid number of 36 chromosomes will have how many chromosomes in its gametes and how many in its somatic cells?
18 somatic, 36 chromosomes
Know the four things that happen during prophase?
Spindle fibers attach, nucleus disappear, nuclear envelope disappear, chromosome condense
Know the four things that are produced during meiosis?
Polar bodies, spores, eggs, sperm
During which phase does crossing over occur?
Prophase I
The formation of female gametes is termed?
Oogenesis
How do prokaryotic organisms reproduce?
binary fission
The term dominant means that:
Mask recessive genes
The physical location of a particular gene on a chromosome is called?
Locus
Know what alleles are?
Different form of gene covering same feature
Example: eye color
Know what a test cross is?
Mate a dominant with a recessive phenotype
What is the probability that two lizards that are heterozygous for stripes on their tails (Ss) will produce an offspring that is homozygous for no stripes (ss)?
¼
Genes that tend to be inherited together are said to be what?
Linked
A Barr body in a mammalian female cell represents what?
Missing x chromosome
Which scientist used x-ray diffraction to provide images of DNA?
Franklin
2 chains of dna must run in which direction and must be what if they are to bond to each other?
Antiparallel, must be complementary to each other
What adds new nucleotides to a growing DNA chain?
DNA polymerase
Which DNA strand is replicated smoothly and continuously?
Leading structure
A replication fork is?
Y shape structure
What causes the unwinding of the DNA double helix?
DNA helicase
Know what telomeres are?
End of eukaryotic chromosomes
What has mapped the complete set of genes that make up the human genome?
Different genome around world
Know what a hypertonic solution is.
Concentration that solutes in a cell is less outside the cell than inside
Enzymes are important biological catalysts because they what?
lowers the activation of energy
What evolutionary advantage is provided by meiosis?
Genetic diversity
A cell is in metaphase if what?
During when chromosomes meet in the middle
Know what Klinefelter syndrome is.
XXY carrier type
Usually in males
Taxonomy is the science of what?
naming, describing, classifying organisms
Who developed the binomial system of nomenclature?
Linnaeus
Zea mays is the scientific name of the corn plant. Zea is the what?
genus
Most biologists recognize how many domains?
3
Which kingdom has the protozoa, water and slime molds?
protist
Know the characteristics of the kingdom fungi and distinguish which one does not belong.
lacs nucleus dont have
examples-cell wall, yeast and mushroom
The protein coat of a virus is called what?
capsid
Viruses that attack bacteria are called what?
phages
What are rod shaped bacteria called?
bacilli
What are small circles of DNA called?
plasmids
What is the most common mode of reproduction in bacteria?
binary fission
Know what endospores are.
dormant structures formed by bacteria
What causes African sleeping sickness?
trypanosoma
Know what cilia are.
hairlike projections
Most protists are what?
aquatic
At the base of the food web in aquatic ecosystem are what?
plankton
What are believed gave rise to plants?
green algae
Members of which group have formed deposits of chalk, as seen in the white cliffs of Dover?
foraminifera
Know what pseudopods are?
false foot
Know what adaptations means.
improves survival and reproduction
Gram positive bacteria would stain what color because of a thick layer of what?
violet, peptide