bio final exam Flashcards

this molecule carries amino acids to ribosomes

three base letters on mRNA

shape of DNA molecule

type of inheritance where males are often more affected than females

type of inheritance shown by a 1:2:1 phenotypic ratio

ex.) pink flowers produced by red + white flowers

chart using circles (females) and squares (males) to show inheritance patters

23rd pair of chromosomes that differ in males and females

blood type with A, B, and O alleles is an example of ...

flow of genetic information from gene to phenotype (aka central dogma)

15 nucleotide sequence of DNA would be expected to direct the production of a polypeptide this long

base substitution with no change due to redundancy of genetic code

process of changing DNA into RNA

sequence fragments not expressed in final mRNA

process which allows the survival and reproduction of organisms that are genetically best adapted to the environment

type of metabolism where small molecules join together to form a bigger one

site of translation

fatty acids that increase membrane fluidity

universal energy molecule found in every cell

small circular DNA used in biotechnology

production of multiple copies of a gene

bacteria use this method of gene transfer when picking up plasmids from their environment

enzyme originally found in bacteria which cut DNA at specific sites

their construction uses either bacterial plasmids or viral phages as vectors

what percent is is the coding sequence for humans

method for rapidly sequencing a genome

most of the “junk” DNA its this type of DNA sequence

scientist who found how to sequence a genome faster

bioinformatics with its huge databases relies on these...

adding base (OH-) to a solution will increase it

electrons move about the nucleus of an atom in this region

carbon compounds that come from living organisms

monosaccharides or amino acids joined together

made of protein, these catalysts speed up chemical reactions

made lipid bilayer and controls what enters or leaves a cell

this organelle defines being a eukaryotic

this structure is found in plant cells, bacteria, and fungi. BUT not in animal cells

viruses, UV radiation, and environmental influences may be this cause

type of transport allowing particles to go from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration

series of phases including interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis

the longest phase in the cell cycle

chromosomes move to either pole during this phase

several tissues working together

body tissue is made of these

this type of metabolic pathway consumes as polymers are built from monomers

where proton gradients are established

class can’t be too because this doesn’t increase as fast as volume

the green pigment in plant cells; is able to capture the energy of the sun

leaves green because of this type of light

cell respiration involves this chemical being ‘burned’ (oxidized) during glycolysis

genetic recombination that occurs when chromosomes inter-change arm segments

organism described as Tt, Bb, Gg. or as a hybrids

passing of traits from parent to offspring

genetics term for cells containing a complete set of paired chromosomes

what are sex cells

the outward appearance of an organism

sex cell. either the egg or the sperm cell

this base pair ups with cytosine (C)

DNA ‘backbone’ is made of these two components

discoverers of the DNA structure

site of the synthesis of proteins destines to be secreted

the two key products of the light reaction of photosynthesis

while photosynthesis stores energy, this process releases it

the replicate DNA strands of a chromosome joined at the centromere

three main components of a cell membrane included proteins, cholesterol and…..

two cells have the same number of chromosomes and amounts of DNA as their ‘mother’ cell

phase of mitosis when coiled, replicated chromosomes first appear

phrase “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts” is related to this biological property

chromosomes coil up in order to prevent this during mitosis or meiosis

going from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration

when the concentration of H+ ions is 10^-7 molar the pH is said to be….

monohybrid cross phenotypic ratio

this event is followed by crossing over and occurs only in meiosis 1

phenotypic ratio of 1:2:1

starch solution will turn blue to black in this presence

type of respiration where lactate or alcohol is produced

type of catalysts is made of protein and is able to lower the energy of activation of a reaction

replication of DNA takes place during this sub-phase of interphase

homologous pairs of chromosomes separating from each other in this type of cell division

Bob has type AB blood while Mary has type O. what is the probability of their child having B blood

regulatory site for prokaryote operons

alternative forms of a gene

at minimum, a virus contains a nucleic acid and this structure

during this type of life cycle of a virus, many copies of the virus are made and assembled

type of retrovirus that has its genome transcribed from RNA to DNA

identical or similar genes produced by gene duplication

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are 96% of this material

same atomic number, but differ in number of neutrons

salad oil is hydrophobic because of its bonding

slight charges at the ends of water molecules cause this type of bond

transfer of electrons followed by electrical attraction between atoms form the basis of this bond

covalent bond between atoms of unequal electronegativity form this type of bond

functional group with two oxygens and one hydrogen attached to a carbon

starch is to polymer as glucose is to ….

major structural component of plant cell walls

fatty acid with all single carbon-carbon bonding and associated with heart disease

level of protein structure shown by the sequence of amino acids in a protein

possible response by a protein to a change in temperature or pH

since the tryptophan operon can be turned off, it’s considered this...

the expression of many genes can be compared at one time by this technological instrument

this enzyme has the ability to change RNA to DNA

after DNA fragments have been replicated, this enzyme is able to “tie” together the “loose” ends

proteins on the organism’s surface allow it to specifically attach to it’s host cell

oils are fluids because of the type of molecule

what has Darwin come to discover

at the end of the electron transport chain, the molecule picks up the electrons and H+s

this type of gene no longer functions but can help show evolutionary connection between species

electron carrier molecule found in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

series of chemical reactions tied together with an enzyme for each step

homologous pair of chromosomes together during prophase 1 or metaphase 2

phenotypic ration of dihybrid cross

down syndrome is caused by...

besides having chloroplast and central vacuole, plant cells differ from animal cells by having this structure

oxygen in atmosphere comes from plants during the light reactions of photosynthesis where this molecule is split apart

cattle have red and white hair showing. what type of inheritance is this

enzyme can “unzip” double helix of DNA molecule

human skin shows different pigmentation. which is controlled by this type of inheritance

nondisjunction occurs during Anaphase 1 of meiosis or in this other place