Unit 8: Cell Reproduction (Meiosis) Flashcards


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1

Sexual reproduction

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Type of reproduction that has 2 parents and results in genetically unique offspring. Sperm and egg fuse together to form a zyote.

2

Gametes

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Sex cells formed through process of meiosis. Have 1/2 the number of chromosomes as body cells and are haploid.

3

Sperm

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Male gamete

4

Egg

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Female gamete

5

Fertilization

When sperm and egg fuse together to form a zygote.

6

Zygote

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Single diploid cell formed after fertilization and develops into embryo.

7

Meiosis

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Processes that produces gametes for sexual reproduction. A diploid cell undergoes 2 divisions to half the number of chromosomes and forms 4 haploid cells that become sperm or egg.

8

Diploid

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When a cell has 2 sets of chromosomes. In humans = 46 chromosomes

9

Haploid

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When a cell has 1 set of chromosomes. In humans = 23 chromosomes

10

Interphase

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Stage before cell division where cells grow and DNA replication occurs.

11

Homologous Chromosomes

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The pair of chromosomes that are the same size and carry the same types of genes - 1 comes from mom and 1 comes from dad.

12

Crossing Over

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Occurs during Prophase I of meiosis where homologous chromosomes exchange parts to increase genetic variation.

13

Meiosis I

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First division of meiosis that separates the homologous chromosomes resulting in 2 haploid cells. Includes:

  • Prophase I - nuclear envelope dissolves, chromosomes condense, homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over occurs.
  • Metaphase I - homologous pairs line up at the middle of the cell.
  • Anaphase I - homologous pairs are pulled apart to the opposite ends of the cell.
  • Telophase I - nuclear envelope reforms around the 2 sets of chromosomes and chromosomes unwind.
  • Cytokinesis I - cytoplasm divides resulting in 2 haploid cells with replicated DNA.

14

Meiosis II

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Second division of meiosis where the 2 cells at the end of meiosis one separates the sister chromatids resulting in 4 haploid cells. Includes:

  • Prophase II: nuclear envelope dissolves, chromosomes condense
  • Metaphase II: chromosomes line u p at the middle of the cell
  • Anaphase II: sister chromatids pull apart to opposite ends of the cell
  • Telophase II: nuclear envelope reforms around the 2 sets of chromosomes and chromosomes unwind.
  • Cytokinesis II: cytoplasm divides resulting in 4 haploid cells.

15

Nondisjunction

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Mutation that can occur during Anaphase I or Anaphase II of meiosis where the chromosomes do not separate properly resulting in cells with either too many chromosomes or not enough chromosomes.