Renaissance Flashcards

From:Florence

• The prince
• Still used as a “handbook” for politicians

Vinci, worked in Florence and died in France,

• The virgin of the rocks, the last supper, Mona Lisa.
• Accurate stretches of the human body, his designs lead the way for future designs.

Florence

• The Holy Family, Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Pieta and David
• Famous for his realistic depiction of the humans

Born in Urbino, Italy worked in Florence

• Paintings of Madonna, Jesus’s Mother, school of Athens and Transfiguration
• Powerful, elaborate church paintings and storytelling within his paintings

Belgium

• Mystic Lamb, Arnolfini Portrait
• Used Oil base paint and created smaller more intimate realism

London, England

• Macbeth, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Twelfth Night
• Plays are still used today, Movies and books are based on his themes
• Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet

• They looked in libraries to find Greece and Rome classicals
• Artist painted what they saw and were a big impact on humanism
• Medieval people thought that cities were a wicked place

• Cities became an integral part of the development
• Science challenged peoples ideas and scientists were very advanced.
• Focused on human life not religion
• Success of the individual

• Any ideas to help one’s life were good
• They learned to use the classical to help with their problems.
• Science, Ethics, politics

Who started it:

• Petrarch (Petrarca) and Boccaccio - first two renaissance Humanist
• Came from Italy

How did they start it:

• They translated Greece and Rome and were to a wide audience and thought their teachings could apply to everyday life.
• Traveled on trade routes and visited cities to find ancient texts

What was it:

• The goal was to improve human lives and that will lead to advances in science, literature, architecture and art. Would help develop new ideas and criticism.
• Their work began to influence other scholars within Italy and the movement spread(Cities and trade routes helped).
• Patrons - people who had money to spend on the arts and education
• Scientists - Started to challenge existing ideas and observed the natural world
• Artists - Started painting what they observed

• There trade routes expanded across the Mediterranean sea
• Muslims made many scientific and cultural advances(built off Greek and Roman knowledge)
• Muslim Mathematicians used their knowledge of the Indian system of numbers
• Made new discoveries in algebra and geometry
• Europeans came to be aware of block printing on wood and the process of paper.
• Italy was made up of city-states and not kingdoms
• Each city controlled their own trade and government
• Interacted a lot with the Muslim empire (across the Mediterranean)
• Muslim thinkers were strongly influenced by Greeks and Romans (Text translated to Arabic)
• Medicine - using drugs to cure, Bacteria causes infection
• Science - astronomy, geography and architecture
• Muslim and Italian merchants
• Spread the knowledge to advance the Arts and learning
• Spread the knowledge to Italy

• The king of France brought people in and they later became patrons of the renaissance.
• Places like Germany and Spain invaded Italy and the invading soldiers were impressed with the renaissance
• They learned about the philosophy of humanism and saw great works of renaissance art.
• Monarchs wanted what the renaissance was doing and wanted that in their own culture.
• King Henry Vll invited many humanists to his country.
• Renaissance spread to other European Nations like France, Germany, England, Netherlands and spain
• Merchants, diplomats and scholars and visited Italy
• leaders
• Started to fund artists and scientists (became patrons)

• Advances in technology helped expose people to Europe to the Renaissance.
• There movements changed ideas in the bibles
• The renaissance art inspired them
• That invention significantly increased the number of books available in public
• Enhanced human ideas
• England attempted to eliminate the abuses and inequalities that were accepted as normal.
• Johannes Gutenberg
• Invented the printing press
• Increased the speed of making books
• Increased the number books that were available to the public (poor could read)
• Faster and more books = Spread of humanist ideas quicker
• Scholars across Europe
• Developed their own types of humanism
• One big one = Christian Humanism - Reformation
• Increased the ability to record and pass on information
• Renaissance ideas spread all over Europe.

• Challenged common beliefs
• Scientists made discoveries in many fields like biology, astronomy, geography.
• Had ideas from the past
• During 1500s-1600s
• Believed that humans are rational (common sense) and have the capacity for knowledge in all things (education)
• Main goal: Encourage people to believe in the potential of the human mind

• Used the same principles of Greek rationalism to help them observe and study the world
• Encouraged to study the universe
• They were criticized because they were teaching people Greek and Roman text.
• Without studying they could have never found several important discoveries.
• Francis Bacon invented the scientific method
• Scientific thinkers adopted Humanistic ideas and applied them to their fields
• Challenged commonly held ideas
• Biology, astronomy, geography, and physics
• Main goal: Go back and look at classical (Greek & Roman) Scientific ideas and prove them right or wrong.

• Led back to ancient text from Aristotle and Ptolemy
• Went against Greek thinkers like Aristotle
• Developed new ways and replaced the outdated thoughts of the Greek.
• Sought physical explanations provided by myths
• Scholars believed in using reason and systematically studying.
• Encouraged the thinkers to observe the universe around them and to draw new conclusions about the natural world.(Aristotle)
• How it worked rather than accept the commonly held assumptions or religious doctrine as the only possible answers.
• Thinkers of the Sci. The Revolution had to go against what the Greek first thought was correct.

• Challenged many ideas of Christians beliefs and teachings.
• The new ideas were up for punishment
• And not always populated
• Very powerful and influential throughout Europe
• The Bible and Church doctrine were the authorities on how the Universe was formed.
• Biblical passages were taken as proof of any scientific ideas.
• Any theories that went against the Church’s teachings were considered a departure from the truth and not accepted.

• Proposed that the sun was actually in the center of the universe
• Born in 1483 in Toruna, Poland
• Son of a wealthy merchant and a good education in medicine and religious laws.
• Worked as a church cleric
• Notions were accepted about astronomers years ago and could be traced back to Greek.
• His theory was that Earth and other planets orbit the sun.
• He also said that the Earth tilts on a axis 24 hours
• Some people believe the delay was so the church wouldn’t get mad.
• His theories changed astronomy for ever
• Came up with the Heliocentric theory
• Church accepted his theory but placed Copernicus’s book on the banned list

• Born in Germany in 1571
• Family was poor and got accepted to college by academic scholarship and wanted to become a minister.
• Later changed his studies to mathematics and astronomy and later became a math professor.
• Kepler moved to Prague to work as Brahe’s assistant when he later died Kepler took over his post.
• Kepler calculated that Mars made an elliptical or an oval shaped orbit around the sun.
• Kepler's theory was that the paths of the planets moving around the sun form ellipses.
• Kepler's other theory was that the planets and the sun would sweep over equal areas in equal times
• Kepler's third theory was the average distance between the planets and the sun.
• Defended Copernicus Heliocentric theory
• Made improvements to Copernicus theory as well
• Used mathematics to prove Copernicus

• Was a Italian scientist and worked with telescopes
• And later suggested a new telescope design of his own in his book Dioptrice.
• Born in Pisa, Italy in 1564 and went to the university of Pisa to study medicine and took interest in physics and math
• Experimented with objects in motion
• Invented the water pump and a type of balance scale that could measure small objects
• Most famous for his telescope
• He observed the surface f the moon and knew it wasn’t smooth
• He saw sunspots on the sun and the moon orbiting Jupiter
• Galileo after his several month trial was convicted in Heresy.
• Pope John Paul ll apologized for the way he treated Galileo.
• Observed the moons of Jupiter
• Angered the Catholic church by proving Copernicus theory
• Was put on trial by the Church and sentenced to house arrest until he died.

• Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, astronomer, physicist and was born in Lincolnshire on January 4th.
• Newton went to the university of Cambridge and received a bachelor and master degree.
• New branch of mathematics called Calculus and made seven discoveries in the optic field.
• He discovered that the sunlight breaks into a spectrum of rainbow colors when it passes prism.
• Known for discovering gravity
• Investigated in celestial mechanics
• Published one of the greatest science books in history, the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.
• Explained how the gravity works between the sun and objects in space
• Earth's gravitational pull attracts objects to the planet’s core
• 3 laws of motion
• Helped explain why objects stayed in motion (like planets around the sun).