segments of mRNA that is expressed (read and translated into polypeptide)
exons
segments of mRNA that DONT get expressed and re moved by mRNA splicing
introns
splicing “primary” transcript into more ways than one
mRNA splicing
introns are removed and exons assemble different RNA transcript
alternative RNA splicing
cap and poly-A-tail
2 parts that prevent degradation from a fully processes eukaryotic mRNA transcript
when lactose is in the environment, operon is INDUCED to turn on. (allowing enzyme products to metabolize the sugar)
when do lac operons have their genes expressed
when tryptophan is NOT in the environment, operon is NOT REPRESSED so genes turn on. (enzyme products made to synthesize tryptophan)
when do trp operons have their genes expressed
this protein tags other proteins slated for degradation recognized as proteasome. cutting up the tagged proteins into small peptides
what is the function of the small protein ubiquitin
mutation that does not affect code. so AA is the same
silent mutation
mutation where it still codes the amino acid, it’s just the wrong amino acid
ex.) sickle cell
missense mutation
causes an early stop in transcription
nonsense mutation
what are the 3 substitution mutations
silent, missense, and nonsense mutations
mutation where deletion of one base pair causes “misreading” in rest of DNA code of a gene
frameshift mutation
lytic
when a bacterial cell is releasing many bacteriophages. which viral life cycle are the phages in
what is a retrovirus
virus that’s made of RNA acting as a template for making DNA
restriction enzymes cleave DNA segments in specific sequences resulting in fragments of DNA in different lengths
type of bacterial enzyme critical of development of biotechnology
what special type of nucleotide is critical for stoping DNA polymerase during sequencing
dideoxyribonucleotides
how would police amplify small amount of DNA left at a crime scene
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
ordering of genetic markers, from crossing over frequencies in genome DNA sequencing
linkage mapping
ordering of large and small overlapping fragments in genome DNA sequencing
physical mapping
determination of DNA sequence of small fragment in genome DNA sequencing
DNA sequencing
method of sequencing DNA greatly speeded up Human Genome Project
“shotgun” approach. used by Craig Venter
what are prions
misfolded proteins that can cause other similar proteins to misfold
ex.) mad cow disease or kuru disease
sets of genes identical or very similar that has been duplicated in genome and still function
multigene families
genetic information moving in one direction of DNA —> RNA —> Protein
central dogma
according to Beadle and Tatum “one gene, one ______
enzyme
DNA copied into RNA. as well as common control point of gene expression in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
transcription (tRNA)
“start” codon
AUG
what is the "translation organelle”
ribosomes
main type of mRNA processing
RNA splicing
only this type of organism can have both transcriptions and translation of a gene happening at the same time
prokaryotes
this molecule binds a promoter turning off an operon
active repressor
the outer protective layer of a virus
capsid protein coat
HIV has this key “retro” enzyme
reverse transcriptase
this viral cycle doesn’t immediately lead to destroying a host cell
lysogenic cycle
class of enzymes used to cut DNA into different size fragments
restriction enzymes
bacterial plasmids or phages used to create “warehouses” for genetic information
genomic libraries
comparing number of genes to the total amount of DNA in a genome
gene density
this method of genetic transfer by bacteria in addition to conjugation and transduction
transformation
type of operon is off when plenty of nutrient in environment
repressible
interpretation of mRNA polyadenylation signal during transcription
termination signal
labels coding segment of gene
exon
strand of DNA used to create mRNA
template strand
RNA turned into something (usually amino acid chain or protein)
translation
code is termination signal in eukaryotic transcripts
polyadenylation signal (AAUAAA in mRNA)
many ribosomes reading single mRNA at the same time
polyribosomes
liver and nerve cells different due to ______
differential gene expression
site for repressor proteins to attach and turn off operon (part of promoter)
operator
allows access for gene transcription, chromatin modification does this
DNA unpacking (by acetylation)
type of RNA processing referring to breaking down of messenger RNA
mRNA degradation
membrane found wrapped around a virus
viral envelope
part of viral cycle after entry, but before assembly and release
viral material production
virus integrating itself into a host’s genome as a provirus that can remain this way for a long time
dormant
DNA combined from 2 organisms
recombinant
restriction enzymes leaving these ends to DNA molecules they cut
sticky ends
study of whole sets of genes and interactions
genomics
"speech gene" that’s been conserved evolutionarily
FOXP2
microarray assays used to detect these types of ‘patterns'
gene expression patterns
evolution is the presence of same type of errors in non-functioning genes in related species
pseudogenes
type of chromosome alternation caused by 2n number = 46 instead of 48
chromosome fusion
why is cancer linked to age
time mutations occurring
making polymers of deoxyribonucleotides
DNA polymerase
protein hooking onto ribosome to end translation
release factor
short amino acid sequence directing ribosome to endoplasmic reticulum
signal peptides