front 1 segments of mRNA that is expressed (read and translated into polypeptide) | back 1 exons |
front 2 segments of mRNA that DONT get expressed and re moved by mRNA splicing | back 2 introns |
front 3 splicing “primary” transcript into more ways than one | back 3 mRNA splicing |
front 4 introns are removed and exons assemble different RNA transcript | back 4 alternative RNA splicing |
front 5 cap and poly-A-tail | back 5 2 parts that prevent degradation from a fully processes eukaryotic mRNA transcript |
front 6 when lactose is in the environment, operon is INDUCED to turn on. (allowing enzyme products to metabolize the sugar) | back 6 when do lac operons have their genes expressed |
front 7 when tryptophan is NOT in the environment, operon is NOT REPRESSED so genes turn on. (enzyme products made to synthesize tryptophan) | back 7 when do trp operons have their genes expressed |
front 8 this protein tags other proteins slated for degradation recognized as proteasome. cutting up the tagged proteins into small peptides | back 8 what is the function of the small protein ubiquitin |
front 9 mutation that does not affect code. so AA is the same | back 9 silent mutation |
front 10 mutation where it still codes the amino acid, it’s just the wrong amino acid ex.) sickle cell | back 10 missense mutation |
front 11 causes an early stop in transcription | back 11 nonsense mutation |
front 12 what are the 3 substitution mutations | back 12 silent, missense, and nonsense mutations |
front 13 mutation where deletion of one base pair causes “misreading” in rest of DNA code of a gene | back 13 frameshift mutation |
front 14 lytic | back 14 when a bacterial cell is releasing many bacteriophages. which viral life cycle are the phages in |
front 15 what is a retrovirus | back 15 virus that’s made of RNA acting as a template for making DNA |
front 16 restriction enzymes cleave DNA segments in specific sequences resulting in fragments of DNA in different lengths | back 16 type of bacterial enzyme critical of development of biotechnology |
front 17 what special type of nucleotide is critical for stoping DNA polymerase during sequencing | back 17 dideoxyribonucleotides |
front 18 how would police amplify small amount of DNA left at a crime scene | back 18 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |
front 19 ordering of genetic markers, from crossing over frequencies in genome DNA sequencing | back 19 linkage mapping |
front 20 ordering of large and small overlapping fragments in genome DNA sequencing | back 20 physical mapping |
front 21 determination of DNA sequence of small fragment in genome DNA sequencing | back 21 DNA sequencing |
front 22 method of sequencing DNA greatly speeded up Human Genome Project | back 22 “shotgun” approach. used by Craig Venter |
front 23 what are prions | back 23 misfolded proteins that can cause other similar proteins to misfold ex.) mad cow disease or kuru disease |
front 24 sets of genes identical or very similar that has been duplicated in genome and still function | back 24 multigene families |
front 25 genetic information moving in one direction of DNA —> RNA —> Protein | back 25 central dogma |
front 26 according to Beadle and Tatum “one gene, one ______ | back 26 enzyme |
front 27 DNA copied into RNA. as well as common control point of gene expression in eukaryotes and prokaryotes | back 27 transcription (tRNA) |
front 28 “start” codon | back 28 AUG |
front 29 what is the "translation organelle” | back 29 ribosomes |
front 30 main type of mRNA processing | back 30 RNA splicing |
front 31 only this type of organism can have both transcriptions and translation of a gene happening at the same time | back 31 prokaryotes |
front 32 this molecule binds a promoter turning off an operon | back 32 active repressor |
front 33 the outer protective layer of a virus | back 33 capsid protein coat |
front 34 HIV has this key “retro” enzyme | back 34 reverse transcriptase |
front 35 this viral cycle doesn’t immediately lead to destroying a host cell | back 35 lysogenic cycle |
front 36 class of enzymes used to cut DNA into different size fragments | back 36 restriction enzymes |
front 37 bacterial plasmids or phages used to create “warehouses” for genetic information | back 37 genomic libraries |
front 38 comparing number of genes to the total amount of DNA in a genome | back 38 gene density |
front 39 this method of genetic transfer by bacteria in addition to conjugation and transduction | back 39 transformation |
front 40 type of operon is off when plenty of nutrient in environment | back 40 repressible |
front 41 interpretation of mRNA polyadenylation signal during transcription | back 41 termination signal |
front 42 labels coding segment of gene | back 42 exon |
front 43 strand of DNA used to create mRNA | back 43 template strand |
front 44 RNA turned into something (usually amino acid chain or protein) | back 44 translation |
front 45 code is termination signal in eukaryotic transcripts | back 45 polyadenylation signal (AAUAAA in mRNA) |
front 46 many ribosomes reading single mRNA at the same time | back 46 polyribosomes |
front 47 liver and nerve cells different due to ______ | back 47 differential gene expression |
front 48 site for repressor proteins to attach and turn off operon (part of promoter) | back 48 operator |
front 49 allows access for gene transcription, chromatin modification does this | back 49 DNA unpacking (by acetylation) |
front 50 type of RNA processing referring to breaking down of messenger RNA | back 50 mRNA degradation |
front 51 membrane found wrapped around a virus | back 51 viral envelope |
front 52 part of viral cycle after entry, but before assembly and release | back 52 viral material production |
front 53 virus integrating itself into a host’s genome as a provirus that can remain this way for a long time | back 53 dormant |
front 54 DNA combined from 2 organisms | back 54 recombinant |
front 55 restriction enzymes leaving these ends to DNA molecules they cut | back 55 sticky ends |
front 56 study of whole sets of genes and interactions | back 56 genomics |
front 57 "speech gene" that’s been conserved evolutionarily | back 57 FOXP2 |
front 58 microarray assays used to detect these types of ‘patterns' | back 58 gene expression patterns |
front 59 evolution is the presence of same type of errors in non-functioning genes in related species | back 59 pseudogenes |
front 60 type of chromosome alternation caused by 2n number = 46 instead of 48 | back 60 chromosome fusion |
front 61 why is cancer linked to age | back 61 time mutations occurring |
front 62 making polymers of deoxyribonucleotides | back 62 DNA polymerase |
front 63 protein hooking onto ribosome to end translation | back 63 release factor |
front 64 short amino acid sequence directing ribosome to endoplasmic reticulum | back 64 signal peptides |